{Discourse_Particles=BASICS.txt}

Determining DISCOURSE PARTICLES and distinguishing them from other parts-of-speech:
(1) POSITION = ENCLITIC: they always follow the word (or phrase) they are linked to.
(2) THEY CAN NEVER BE MEANINGFULLY UTTERED IN ISOLATION.
(3) THEY FULFILL SOME DISCOURSE FUNCTION AT THE PRAGMATIC LEVEL
(4) They are primarily found in abundance in Philippine languages (although a few of them can go as far back as Proto-Austronesian.
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See: The Sambalic Languages of Central Luzon [2006:17]
Table 14. Particles (8 total)
	ENGLISH		SAMBALIC		TAGALOG	KAPAM		ILK
	also			met | et		din		rin		met
	desire		dayi | sana	sana		sana		koma
	it is said		kano			daw		kano		kano
	now			ana			na		na
	only			bengat		lang		mu		la'eng
	still/yet		po | 	pon		pa		pa		pay
	surprise		- - - 		pala		pala		gayam
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RECONSTRUCTIONS
[dp-question]  *ba  'is it?'  
[dp-quote] *daw |  Tag daw/raw
[dp-also] *den >  Tag din
[dp-realis] *den  | Akl Eon
[dp-surprise]  Akl gali'
[dp-affirmative]  *he7e  'yes' 
[dp-quote] P** *kenuh > Akl kunoh 'it is said, they say; reportedly'
[dp-optative]  Akl kunta'
[dp-limiting] *lang | Tag lang, Akl Eang 'only, just'
[dp-response~also] *man >  Akl man, Tag din
[dp-realis] *na | Tag na, | *na ~ *da 'now; already'; [neg] 'more'
[dp-still/yet] *pa > Tag, Akl pa still [neg] yet' [dp-irrealis]
[dp-surprise]  Tag pala, Akl gali'
[dp-optative]  Tag sana, Akl kunta'
[dp-softener] PPH *taq [ACD] | *ta' [Zorc] Isg, Png, Kpm, Tir, Tsg
[dp-again]  Tag ulit
[dp-again]  Tag uman
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