FINISHED LOOKING THROUGH THE FOLLOWING DICTIONARIES ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ PHILIPPINES Agutaynen [Caabay et al.] = 30 | DONE 27 Aklanon [Zorc&Salas] = 48 | DONE Arta [Kimoto] = 3 | DONE Batad Ifugao [Newell] = 98 | TO DO Bikol [Mintz] = 24 | DONE Bikol [Mintz & Britanico] = 74 | TO DO Binukid [Post & Gardner] = 36 | DONE Bontok [Reid] = 83 | DONE Cebuano [Wolff] = 208 | LOTS MORE TO DO, COMPARATIVE ONLY Dempwolff (1938:71) = 2 | DONE [both invalid] Hanunoo [Conklin] = 57 | DONE Hiligaynon [Kaufmann] = 118 | TO DO Ilokano [Vanoverbergh] = 54 | TO DO Ilokano [Rubino] = 101 | TO DO Ilokano [Constantino] = 34 | TO DO Isneg [Vanoverbergh] = 16 | TO DO Itbayaten [Yamada] = 96 | DONE Kagayanen [Harmon] = 8 | DONE Kapampangan [Forman] = 25 | TO DO Pangasinan [Benton] = 34 | TO DO Pangasinan [Jovellanos] = 67 | TO DO Tagalog [Panganiban) = 118 | TO DO Tausug [Hassan & Ashley] = 12 | DONE Tboli [Awed,Underwd..] = 28 | TO DO Thao [Blust 2004] = 11 | DONE Tiruray [Schlegel] = 3 | DONE Waray [Makabenta] = 47 | TO DO Waray [Tramp] = 161 | TO DO W. Bkd Manobo [Elkins] = 18 | DONE ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ FORMOSA Amis [Fey 1986] = 6 | TO DO Paiwan [Ferrell] = 4 | DONE Pazih [Li&Tscuhida 2001] = 29 | TO DO Thao [Blust 2003] = 11 | TO DO = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = STATUS ~ FREQUENCY OF Y- FORMS IN RESPECTIVE DICTIONARIES 208 Ceb* Wolff (1972) 161 War* Tramp (1995) 118 Hil* Kaufmann (1934) 118 Tag* Panganiban (1972) 101 Ilk* Rubino (2000) 098 Btd Newell (1993) 096 Itb Yamada (2002) *R & *y merged 083 Bon Reid (1976) 074 Bik* Mintz & Britanico (1985) 067 Png Jovellanos (2003) 057 Han Conklin (1953) 048 Akl Zorc & Salas (1969) 047 War* Makabenta (1979) 036 Bkd Post & Gardner (1992) 034 Png Benton (1971) 030 Agy Caabay et al. (2014) 028 Tbl* Awed, Underwood & van Wynen (2004) 025 Kpm Forman (1971) mergers with *ñ 018 WBM Elkins (1968) 016 Isg* Vanoverbergh (1972) 012 Tsg Hassan & Ashley (1994) 011 Thao Blust (2003) one Taiwanese loan 008 Kag Harmon (1977) 006 Amis Fey (1986) one Japanese loan 003 Arta Kimoto (2017) 004 Pai Ferrell (1982) some Japanese loans 003 Tir Schlegel (1971) 002 Demp Dempwolff (1938) [Both in error!] = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Robert Blust | Reaction ~ Review In a note to PMP *qayuyu 'coconut crab: Birgus latro' in the ACD, Blust states: "Among the more than 2,200 etyma in Dempwolff (1934-38) only two, *yawak ‘monitor lizard’ and *yuyu ‘kind of large crab’, begin with *y. It is now clear that both etyma were trisyllables in which *y was medial (*bayawak, *qayuyu), and that no instances of initial *y can be reconstructed at any level in the Austronesian family tree above POc". I beg to differ. In my ZDS under "Y-Etyma", there are at least 18 etymologies that might be assigned to PPH, although under my hypothesis only 12 are PPH, while 4 are PNP and 2 are PSP. Altogether I have found more than eighty reconstructions that delineate Philippine micro-groups. While some of the functors are clearly derivable from the marker *i preceding another root, the fact remains that this resulting *y undergoes appropriate changes in those languages where *y merges with another phoneme (unlike *i). PPH *ya [common_noun-case_marker:nominative~topic] PPH *ya [deic-1-root] PNP *ya [ligature] PPH *ya7muk 'soft ~ smooth' PNP *ya7paw 'light(weight)' PPH *yakál 'tree: Shorea' Ilk, Bon, Tag, Waray, Hil, Ceb, Tsg PPH *yaken 'I' [pro-1-sg] Bashiic, Itawis, Itneg, Kagayanen PPH *yamen 'we' [pro-1-pl-excl] Ivt, Itb, Iraya, KalTagbanwa PSP *yami 'we' [pro-1-pl-excl] KalTagbanwa, Agutaynen, SinSubanon PSP *yamu [pro-2-pl] PNP *yapit 'thin' Isi, CCr, Ilt, Naga PPH *yawyaw 'angry ~ baffled' Ilk, Central Manobo PPH *yay 'here' [deic-1] Mar, CasDgt, Ibl, Kyp PPH *yegyeg 'earthquake' Isg, CCr, SCr, Kal Tagbanwa, Samal PPH *yi [deic-3-root] PNP *yu [pro-2-pl-gen] PPH *yugyug 'shake' Akl, Hil, Mas, Ceb, Tag, Bik, KalT, Kpm, Png PPH *yupyup 'inhale ~ exhale' = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Dempwolff The VLAW only had 2 etyma reconstructed with <*j>, both of which can now be shown to have come from longer reconstructions, i.e., the *y was not initial: *yawak [large lizard] => *bayawak [ACD] 'monitor lizard: Varanus' *yuyu [large crab sp] => *qayuyu [ACD] 'coconut grab: Birgus latro' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Note ACD sub/ *qayuyu: Also Tongan yu:yu: ‘giant land crab’, Samoan u:u: ‘the coconut crab: Birgus sp.’, Rennellese 7uu7uu ‘large sea crab’. Among the more than 2,200 etyma in Dempwolff (1934-38) only two, *yawak ‘monitor lizard’ and *yuyu ‘kind of large crab’, begin with *y. It is now clear that both etyma were trisyllables in which *y was medial (*bayawak, *qayuyu), and that no instances of initial *y can be reconstructed at any level in the Austronesian family tree above POc. Melanau (Mukah) b-uyew shows an animal prefix reflected also in belabaw ‘rat, mouse’ (*labaw), belangaw ‘housefly’ (*langaw ‘blowfly’), and belawa7 ‘spider’ (*lawaq), and the Polynesian forms cited by Dempwolff are all irregular, reflecting a reduplication of earlier *7uu rather than the expected PPn *7auu. For the semantic connection of Sundanese yuyu with the other forms cited here the reader is referred to the memorable description of the Birgus latro in Darwin Voyage of the Beagle 1839:xxx. = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =