Paiwan language

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Paiwan
Vinuculjan
Pronunciation | [vinutsuʎan]
Native to | Taiwan
Ethnicity | Paiwan

Native speakers

66,000 (2002)[1]

Language family

Austronesian

Paiwanic ?

Paiwan

Writing system

Latin (Paiwan alphabet)

Official status

Official language in

Taiwan[2]

Language codes
ISO 639-3 | pwn
Glottolog | paiw1248[3]

(dark green, south) Paiwan

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Paiwan is a native language of Taiwan, spoken by the Paiwan, a Taiwanese indigenous people. Paiwan is a Formosan language of the Austronesian language family. It is also one of national languages of Taiwan.[2] The number of speakers is estimated to be 66,000.[4]

Contents

1 Dialects

2 Phonology

3 Grammar

3.1 Pronouns

3.2 Function words

3.3 Verbs

4 Affixes

5 Notes

6 References

Dialects[edit]

Paiwan variants can be divided into the following dialect zones (Ferrell 1982:4–6).

A1 – southern and central

Kuɬaɬau (Kulalao) – used in Ferrell's 1982 Paiwan Dictionary due to its widespread intelligibility and preservation of various phonemic distinctions; also spoken in Tjuabar Village, Taitung County, where Tjariḍik and "Tjuabar" (closely related to Tjavuaɬi) are also spoken.

Kapaiwanan (Su-Paiwan)

Tjuaqatsiɬay (Kachirai) – southernmost dialect

A2 – central

ɬarəkrək (Riki-riki)

Patjavaɬ (Ta-niao-wan)

B1 – northernmost

Tjukuvuɬ (Tokubun)

Kaviangan (Kapiyan)

B2 – northwestern

Tjaɬakavus (Chalaabus, Lai-yi)

Makazayazaya (Ma-chia)

B3 – east-central

Tjariḍik (Charilik)

B4 – eastern

Tjavuaɬi (Taimali)

Tjakuvukuvuɬ (Naibon, Chaoboobol)

This classification should though be corrected with Cheng 2016 as below: Note: A village unnoted of Vuculj/Ravar is by tradition here Vuculj.

Paridrayan group(Ravar)

Paridraæyan /pariɖajan/

Tjailjaking

Tineljepan

Cavak

Tjukuvulj

Timur group

Timur

Tavatavang

Vuljulju

Sagaran (Ravar-Vuculj mixture)

Makazayazaya branch

Kulaljuc

Idra

Masilidj

Makazayazaya

Paljulj

Kazangiljan

Masisi

Kazazaljan

Apedang

Kaviyangan

Puljetji

Tjuaqau

Eastern branch

Paumeli

Tjulitjulik

Viljauljaulj

Kaljataran

Ka'aluan

Tjua'au

Sapulju

Kingku

Djumulj

Tjukuvulj

Tjagaraus branch

Payuan

Padain

Piuma

Raxekerek branch(west)

Raxekerek

Kinaximan

Tjevecekadan

Raxekerek branch(east)

Tjahiljik

Tjacuqu

Tjatjigelj

Tjaqup

Rahepaq

Kaljapitj

Qeceljing

Pacavalj

Kuvaxeng

Utjaqas

Ljupetj

Tjala'avus branch

Tjaljaqavus

Calasiv

Tjanaqasia

Pucunug

Vungalid

Pailjus

Phonology[edit]

Kuɬaɬau Paiwan has 23–24 consonants (/h/ is found only in loanwords, and /ʔ/ is uncommon) and 4 vowels (Ferrell 1982:7). Unlike many other Formosan languages that have merged many Proto-Austronesian phonemes, Paiwan preserves most Proto-Austronesian phonemes and is thus highly important for reconstruction purposes.

The four Paiwan vowels are /i ə a u/. /ə/ is written e in the literature.

Kuɬaɬau Paiwan consonants

| labial | alveolar | retroflex | palatal | velar | uvular | glottal
nasal | m | n | | | ŋ | |
plosive | p b | t d | ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q | ʔ
affricate | | ts | | | | |
fricative | v | s z | | | | | (h)
trill | | r | | | | |
approximant | w | l ɬ | | j | | |

Central Paiwan consonants[5]

| labial | alveolar | retroflex | palatal | velar | uvular | glottal
nasal | m | n | | | ŋ | |
plosive | p b | t d | ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q | ʔ
affricate | | ts ~ tʃ | | |
fricative | v | s z | | | | | (h)

trill~
fricative

r ~ ɣ

approximant | ʋ | | ɭ | ʎ j | | |

In Northern Paiwan the palatal consonants have been lost, though this is recent and a few conservative speakers maintain them as allophonic variants (not as distinct phonemes). /ʔ/ is robust, unlike in other Paiwan dialects where its status is uncertain, as it derives from *q.

Northern Paiwan (Sandimen) consonants[5]

| labial | alveolar | retroflex | palatal | velar | glottal
nasal | m | n | | | ŋ |
plosive | p b | t d | ɖ | | k ɡ | ʔ
affricate | | ts | | | |
fricative | v | s z | | | | (h)

trill~
fricative

r

approximant | w | l~ʎ | ɭ | j | |

Southern Paiwan (Mudan) consonants[5]

| labial | alveolar | retroflex | palatal | velar | uvular | glottal
nasal | m | n | | | ŋ | |
plosive | p b | t d | ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q | ʔ
affricate | | ts | | | | |
fricative | v | s z | | | ɣ ~ r | | (h)
approximant | w | | ɭ | ʎ j | | |

Younger speakers tend to pronounce /ʎ/ as [l]. Fricative [ɣ] is characteristic of Mudan village; elsewhere is Southern Paiwan it tends to be a trill [r], though it still varies [r ~ ɣ ~ ʁ ~ h]. Word-initial *k has become /ʔ/.

Grammar[edit]

Pronouns[edit]

The Paiwan personal pronouns below are from Ferrell (1982:14).

Paiwan Personal Pronouns

Type of
Pronoun

Equational

Genitive

Non-Eq., Non-Gen.

1s. | -aken, ti-aken | ku-, ni-aken | tjanu-aken
2s. | -sun, ti-sun | su-, ni-sun | tjanu-sun
3s. | ti-madju | ni-madju | tjai-madju
1p. (incl.) | -itjen, ti-tjen | tja-, ni-tjen | tjanu-itjen
1p. (excl.) | -amen, ti-amen | nia-, ni-amen | tjanu-amen
2p. | -mun, t-mun | nu-, ni-mun | tjanu-mun
3p. | ti-a-madju | ni-a-madju | tjai-a-madju

Function words[edit]

Paiwan has 3 construction markers, which are also known as relational particles (Ferrell 1982:13).

a – shows equational relationship; personal sing. = ti, personal plural = tia

nua – shows genitive / partitive relationship; personal sing. = ni, personal plural = nia

tua – shows that the relationship is neither equational nor genitive; personal sing. = tjai, personal plural = tjaia

Other words include:

i – be at, in (place)

nu – if when

na – already (definitely) done/doing or have become

uri – definite future negative marker

uri – definite future marker

ɬa – emphasis, setting apart

Affixed adverbials include (Ferrell 1982:14):

-tiaw

nu-tiaw: tomorrow

ka-tiaw: yesterday

-sawni

nu-sawni: soon, in a little while (future)

ka-sawni: a little while ago

-ngida

nu-ngida: when? (future)

ka-ngida: when? (past)

Interjections include (Ferrell 1982:12):

ui – yes

ini- no (not do)

neka – no, not (not exist)

ai – oh! (surprise, wonder)

ai ḍivá – alas!

uá – oh! (surprise, taken aback)

ai ḍaḍá – ouch! (pain)

Verbs[edit]

Paiwan verbs have 4 types of focus (Ferrell 1982:30).

Agent/Actor

Object/Goal/Patient

Referent: spatial/temporal locus, indirect object, beneficiary

Instrument/Cause/Motivation/Origin

The following verbal affixes are used to express varying degrees of volition or intent, and are arranged below from highest to lowest intention (Ferrell 1982:37).

ki- (intentional)

pa- (intentional)

-m- (volitionally ambiguous)

si- (volitionally ambiguous)

ma- (non-intentional)

se- (non-intentional)

Paiwan verbs can also take on the following non-derivational suffixes (Ferrell 1982:13).

-anga: "certainly," "truly doing"

-angata: "definitely" (emphatic)

-anga: "still, yet, continuing to"

Affixes[edit]

The Paiwan affixes below are from the Kulalao dialect unless stated otherwise, and are sourced from Ferrell (1982:15–27).

Prefixes

ka-: used as an inchoative marker with some stems; past marker

ka- -an: principal, main

kaɬa- -an: time/place characterized by something

ma-ka-: go past, via; having finished

pa-ka-: go/cause to go by way of (something/place)

ka-si-: come from

ken(e)-: eat, drink, consume

ki-: get, obtain

ku-: my; I (as agent of non-agent focus verb)

ɬa-: belonging to a given [plant/animal] category

ɬe-: to go in the direction of

ɬia-: (have) come to be in/at

li-: have quality of

ma-: be affected by, be in condition of (involuntary)

mare-: having reciprocal relationship

mare-ka-: in some general category

maɬe-: number of persons

me-: agent marker usually involving change of status (used with certain verbs)

mere-: be gigantic, super-

mi-: agent marker that is usually intransitive (used with certain verbs)

mi- -an: pretend, claim

mu-: agent marker (certain verbs)

ka-na- -anga: every

pa-: to cause to be/occur

pe-: emerge, come into view

pi-: put in/on; do something to

pu-: have or produce; acquire

pu- -an: place where something is put or kept

ma-pu-: do nothing except ...

ra-: having to do with

r-m-a-: do at/during

r-m-a- -an: do at/in

sa-: wish to; go to, in direction of; have odor, quality, flavor of

pa-sa-: transfer something to; nearly, be on point of doing

ki-sa-: use, utilize, employ

na-sa-: perhaps, most likely is

san(e)-: construct, work on/in

ki-sane(e)-: become/act as; one who acts as

ru-: do frequently/habitually; have many of

se-: people of (village/nation); have quality of; occur suddenly/unexpectedly/unintentionally

s-ar-e-: be in state/condition of (involuntary)

si-: be instrument/cause/beneficiary of; instrument focus marker; belonging to certain time in past

ma-si-: carry, transport

su-: your; you (agent of non-agent focus verb); leave, remove, desist from

ki-su-: remove or have removed from oneself

ta-: past marker

tu-: similar to, like

ma-ru-: be dissimilar but of same size

tja-: our, we (inclusive); more, to a greater extent, further

ki-tja-: take along for use

tjaɬa- -an: most, -est

tjara-: be definitely

tjaɬu-: reach/extend as far as

tjari-: furthest, utmost

tja-u-: to have just done

tje-: choose to do at/from

ka-tje- -an: containing

tji-: used mainly in plant/animal species names (non-Kulalao frozen affix)

tji-a-: be/remain at

tju-: do/use separately; be/do at certain place

m-uri-: search for

Infixes

-aɬ-, -al-, -ar-: having sound or quality of; involving use of; non-Kulalao

-ar-: do indiscriminately, on all sides; non-Kulalao

-m-: agent or actor; -n- following /p/, /b/, /v/, /m/; m- before vowel-initial words

-in-: perfective marker, action already begun or accomplished, object or product of past action; in- before vowel-initial words

Suffixes

-an: specific location in time/space; specific one/type; referent focus

-en: object/goal of action; object focus

-aw, -ay: projected or intended action, referent focus

-u: agent focus (most subordinate clauses); most peremptory imperative

-i: object focus (most subordinate clauses); polite imperative

-ɬ: things in sequence; groupings; durations of time

The following affixes are from the Tjuabar dialect of Paiwan, spoken in the northwest areas of Paiwan-occupied territory (Comparative Austronesian Dictionary 1995).

Nouns

-aḷ-, -aly- 'tiny things'

-in- 'things made from plant roots'

-an 'place' (always used with another affix)

mar(ə)- 'a pair of' (used for humans only)

pu- 'rich'

ḳay- 'vegetation'

sə- 'inhabitants'

cua- 'name of a tribe'

Verbs

-aŋa 'already done'

ka- 'to complete'

kə- 'to do something oneself'

ki- 'to do something to oneself'

kisu- 'to get rid of'

kicu- 'to do something separately'

maCa- 'to do something reciprocally' (where C indicates the initial consonant of the stem)

mə- 'to experience, to be something'

pa- 'to cause someone to do something'

pu- 'to produce, to get something'

sa- 'to be willing to do something'

calyu- 'to arrive at'

Adjectives

ma- 'being'

na- 'with the quality of'

səcalyi- 'very'

ca- 'more than'

Notes[edit]

^ Paiwan at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)

^ a b Indigenous Languages Development Act, ROC https://glin.ly.gov.tw/file/legal/tw1406201702.pdf

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Paiwan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

^ Taiwan seeks to save indigenous languages http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10602697 7/14/10

^ a b c Chen, Chun-mei, 2006. A comparative study on Formosan phonology: Paiwan and Budai Rukai.

References[edit]

Ferrell, Raleigh. 1982. Paiwan Dictionary. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, no. 73. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, the Australian National University.

v

t

e

Languages of Taiwan

Austronesian

Formosan

Atayalic

Atayal

Seediq

Truku

Kankei

Rukaic

Rukai

Northern Formosan

Luilang

Kulon

Saisiyat

Pazeh

Kaxabu

Thao

Hoanya

Papora

Babuza

Favorlang

Taokas

East Formosan

Basay

Ketagalan

Kavalan

Qauqaut

Sakizaya

Amis

Siraya

Taivoan

Makatto

Southern Formosan

Bunun

Puyuma

Paiwan

Tsouic

Tsou

Kanakanabu

Saaroa

Malayo-Polynesian

Yami

Sino-Tibetan

Chinese

Mandarin

Taiwanese Mandarin

Min

Southern Min

Taiwanese Hokkien

Teochew dialect

Eastern Min

Fuzhounese

Matsu dialect

Pu-Xian Min

Putian dialect

Hakka

Taiwanese Hakka

Sixian dialect

Hailu dialect

Dabu dialect

Raoping dialect

Zhao'an dialect

Auxiliary

Taiwanese Sign Language

Taiwanese Braille

Other languages

English

Filipino

Japanese

Korean

Malay

Malaysian

Indonesian

Thai

Vietnamese

v

t

e

Formosan languages

Rukaic

Rukai

Tsouic

Tsou

Kanakanabu

Saaroa

Northern Formosan

Atayalic

Atayal

Seediq

Northwest
Formosan

Saisiyat

Pazeh †

Kulon †

Thao

Babuza †

Favorlang †

East Formosan

Ketagalan †

Basay †

Kavalan

Amis

Sakizaya

Siraya †

Taivoan †

Nataoran

Southern

Puyuma

Paiwan

Bunun

Bold indicates languages with more than 1 million speakers

? indicates classification dispute

† indicates extinct status

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