<http://waruno.de/myling.html>

Waruno Mahdi’s

List of Linguistic Publications

(see also List
of Presentations)

| 1976 | 1981 | 1988 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2002 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | in prep |

2010

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Comment,
pp. 242–243 in:

Mark Donohue and Tim Denham, Farming and Language in Island Southeast Asia:
Reframing Austronesian History, Current Anthropology 51:223–256.

2009

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In
search of an historical Sea-People Malay dialect with -aba-, pp.
73–89 in Alexander Adelaar and Andrew Pawley (eds.), Austronesian
historical linguistics and culture history: a festschrift for Robert
Blust, Pacific Linguistics 601. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and
Asian Studies, Australian National University.

The
parent language of modern Moken and Moklen—named
“Pre-Moken”—is identified as the source of early Chinese and
Arabic (and Greek) renderings of the name of Yava[dvipa] that suggest a precursor
form with -aba- in place of the original -ava- (rendered -awa-
in Malay). The identification also helps explain a number of irregular
instances of the sequence -aba- in Malay and some other languages.
Besides Pre-Moken speakers, other Sea-People communities seem to have ben
involved as well in Malay shipping on various routes.

A
Symposium on Malay/Indonesian Linguistics, “Hot” and
“Cool” Languages, “Dressed” and “Undressed”
Ones, and More (Leiden, 26–28 June 2008), Archipel 77:3–7.

Report
for Échos de la recherche about the Twelfth International
Symposium on Malay/Indonesian Linguistice (ISMIL 12) in Leiden.

Review
of Ricky Ganang, Jay Crain, Vicky Pearson-Round (2008, Kemaloh Lundayeh -
English Dictionary, Borneo Research Council Reference Series No. 1.
Phillips [ME]: Borneo Research Council), Archipel 77:226–229.

A
remarkable dictionary, the significance of which goes far beyond being a very
thorough dictionary of the language. It appears to be designed as mainstay of
ethnic unity, culture identity and tradition of a marginal speech community
dispersed as ethnic pockets in Sarawak, Sabah, and East Kalimantan. With this
dictionary, the Lundayehs appear to come out to claim their part in the globalised
world.

2008

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Review
of Russell Jones (gen. ed., 2007, Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay,
Compiled by the Indonesian Etymological Project. Leiden: KITLV Press), Archipel
76:318–322.

An
etymological dictionary of “Non-Nusantaran” (and Non-Austroasiatic)
loan-words in Indonesian and Malaysian (literary and vernacular) Malay,
resulting from the collective contributions of prominent international
specialists in the field.

Bilinguisme
et communication sociale (trad. par Jacqueline Camus), pp. 19-22 in Johanna
Lederer et al. (eds.), L’auteur dépaysé. Ecrivains de
double appartenance culturelle, deuxième édition de la
journée des dix heures pour la littérature indonésienne,
28 octobre 2006. Paris: Association franco-indonésienne Pasar Malam
[2008].

About
the significance of language in social communication, and some not so obvious
connections between language factors and the formation of structures in human
communities. In conclusion there is a recount of an episode in the
author’s early childhood, in which bilinguality had a quite decisive
role.

[the Indonesian
original is available as pdf]

Yavadvipa
and the Merapi Volcano in West Sumatra, Archipel 75:111–143.

Reconstructs
three episodes in the history of Yavadvipa (emergence in Sumatra, conquest by
Sri Vijaya, revival in Central Java), in which a Merapi volcano plays a role,
the third one involving transfer of the originally Sumatran names Yava ~
Jawa and Merapi, to Java and a Javanese volcano.

The testimony of the Kedukan Bukit, Kota Kapur, Canggal, Ligor (Chaiya) steles
A and B, and Cambodian Sdok Kak Thom inscriptions, the Sundanese Carita
Parahiyangan, Vietnamese Annals, and several Chinese sources, are combined
into a unified historical frame of relations between megalithist highland
agriculturists, maritime seamen and traders, and lowland urban power centers,
of sacral attributes of kingship and paramountcy, while offering possible
answers to some puzzling aspects of early Indonesian history, the roles of
Sumatra, Java and the Peninsula, the reign of King Sanjaya, and accession to
power of the Shailendras in Sri Vijaya.

2007

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Malay
Words and Malay Things:
Lexical Souvenirs from an Exotic Archipelago in German Publications before
1700, Frankfurter Forschungen zu Südostasien 3. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag
(ISBN: 978-3-447-05492-8);

Online
reviews:  Book
News Inc. Portland (OR) · buchhandel.de.

Bibliographic citation:  Germanistik 48:64
(2007), downloadable as pdf of pp.
62–65.

Table of contents and list
of illustrations

Aims at a comprehensive review of
writings of German authors and German translations of foreign publications,
bringing information about the Malayan world and language to the German public
before 1700. Begins with perusal of earliest bits of information, including
earliest atlasses; considers the influence of changing economic and political
circumstances in Germany on public interest in distant countries and uptake of
foreign words; paths of transmission of lexic and graphic information; this
also includes detailed etymological studies of individual words and citations
of early usage of Malayisms; further development of acquired information and
usage of loanwords also after 1700. Inspects insights into the contemporaneous
linguistic situation in the Archipelago opened by the reviewed travel accounts,
touching in particular upon developments involving Indies Dutch, the local
Creole Portuguese, Baba Malay, and a local Chinese dialect that apparently
developed in Chinese settlements in the Archipelago. Also touches upon
contributions from or involvement of Arabic, French, Italian, Kannada,
Malayalam, Persian, Spanish, and Tamil.

Augments or revises the etymologies of:

bolleponge, gecko, gomuti, kakerlak, junk (jung), lory
(bird), orangutan, proa/prow, rattan, sloop/shallop, tea, a.o.

Reviewed writers, editors, translators, and publishers include:

Jürgen Andersen, Christoph Arnold, Gotthard Arthus, Johann von der Behr,
Johann Theodore & Johann Israel de Bry, Theodore de Bry, Christian
Burckhardt, François Caron, Olfert Dapper, Johann Deusing, Mathäus
Dresser, Christoph C. Fernberger, Georg Chr. Fernberger, Sigmund Feyerabend,
William Fitzer, Sebastian Franck, Erasmus Francisci, Christoff Frike, Henning
Ghetelen, Johann L. Gottfried, Simon Grynæus, Mark Henning, Albrecht
Herport, Michael Herr, Elias Hesse, Johann-Christian Hoffmann, Levinus Hulsius,
Johann Huttich, Volquard Iversen, Johann Kellner, Conrad Lew, Johann A.
Lonicerus, Johann Christoph Lorber, Johann A. von Mandelslo, Hieronymus
Megiser, Georg Meister, Matthäus Merian, Johann Jacob Merklein, Heinrich Muche,
Johann Neuhof (= Joan Nieuhof), Eliud Nicolai, Adam Olearius, Daniel Parthey,
Fernão Mendez Pinto, Marco Polo, Augustinus Cassiodorus Reinius, Gregor
Reisch, Jobst Ruchamer, Johann Jacob Saar, Hartmann Schedel, Caspar
Schmalkalden, Joost Schouten, Wouter Schouten, Johann Schreyer, Christoph
Schweitzer, Karsten Smedeken, Balthasar Sprenger, Bilibaldus Strobæus,
Jean B. Tavernier, Ludovico de Varthema, Johann Verken, Johann Wilhelm Vogel,
Johann Fridrich von Wida (= Jan Weerda), Johann H. Widerhold, Johann Sigmund
Wurffbain.

Also consulted and/or quoted:

Muhammad ibn-Abdallah ibn-Battuta, Jacobus Bontius, Thomas Bowrey, Pieter van
den Broecke, Carolus Clusius, Nicolò Conti, William Dampier, Sebastiaen
Danckaerts, Francis Drake, Thomas Forrest, Johann Reinhold Forster, Alexander
Hamilton, Frederik Hasselquist, Justus Heurnius, Cornelis de Houtman, Frederick
de Houtman, Johann Theodor Jablonski, Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, Christoph
Langhanß, Melchior Leydekker, Jan Huygen van Linschoten, Willem Lodewyksz.,
Abdullah bin Abdulkadir Munsyi, Jacob Cornelisz. van Neck, Henry Neville,
Garcia da Orta, Joachim Perinet, Gottlieb Conrad Pfeffel, Antonio Pigafetta,
Willem Piso, François Pyrard de Laval, Zakariya al-Qazwini, Pedro
Fernández de Queirós, Nuruddin ar-Raniri, Seyger van Rechteren,
Joannes Roman, Georg Eberhard Rumphius, Kaspar Stieler, David Tappe, Nicolaus
Tulpius, François Valentyn, Georg H. Werndly, Wigardus à
Winschooten, Martin Wintergerst, Johann Heinrich Zedler,  as well as the Hikayat
Bayan Budiman, Hikayat Hang Tuah, Hikayat Seri Rama, Sejarah Melayu, and
the Syair Sinyor Kosta.

Supplemented:

the oldest Malay-German wordlist (of 1601) with annotations; also list of first
usages of 28 German words.

Reviews:

Marlies Salazar, in Archipel
75:247–250 (2008);

Edwin Wieringa, in Bijdragen
tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 164:161–163 (2008).

2006

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The
beginnings and reorganization of the Commissie voor de Volkslectuur (1908
– 1920), pp. 85–110 in Fritz Schulze and Holger Warnk (eds.), Insular
Southeast Asia: Linguistic and Cultural Studies in Honour of Bernd
Nothofer. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (ISBN: 978-3-447-05477-5).

[online
repro of review by Franz Mueller, Oc.Ling. 47, 468-469 (2008)]

Discusses
some particularities of the publishing policy of the Commissie, later
known as Balai Pustaka, during the first decade of its activity, and the
significance of its reorganization in 1917-1920, also some possible long-term
consequences of that for the language culture of postwar Indonesia.

Collaboration
in:

Uli Kozok, Kitab undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu yang
Tertua. Yayasan Naskah Nusantara. Alih Aksara: Hassan Djafar, Ninie Susanti
Y., dan Waruno Mahdi. Alih Bahasa: Achadiati Ikram, I Kuntara Wiryamartana,
Karl Anderbeck, Thomas Hunter, Uli Kozok, dan Waruno Mahdi.  Jakarta:
Yayasan Obor Indonesia (ISBN: 979-461-603-6).

Annotated
text of the 14th-century (oldest) Malay manuscript, discovered at Tanjung Tanah
(Kerinci, Sumatra), preceded by an elaborate discussion.

2005

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Malagasy,
pp. 641–644 in Philipp Strazny (ed.), Encyclopedia of Linguistics.
New York & Oxon: Fitzroy Dearborn (ISBN: 978-1579583910).

2000-word
encyclopaedia entry.

Old
Malay, pp. 182–201 in Alexander Adelaar & Nikolaus P. Himmelmann
(eds.), The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. London &
New York: Routledge
(ISBN: 978-0-7007-1286-1).

[online repro at GoogleBooks]

A
detailed but concise account of the language of Old Malay stone inscriptions.

2002

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Review
of H. Steinhauer (2001, Leerboek Indonesisch. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij),
Oceanic Linguistics 41:525–528.

[online repro at JSTOR]

A
textbook in Dutch for tertiary Indonesian language courses from the university
where Indonesian studies started (the review is in English).

Inconsistent
Distinction of Possessive and Qualitative Nominal Attribution in Indonesian,
pp. 111–137 in K. Alexander Adelaar & Robert Blust (eds.), Between
Worlds: linguistic papers in memory of David John Prentice. Canberra:
Pacific Linguistics.

[online
pdf at SEALang archives]

Discusses
the use of -nya, punya and the prepositions dari and daripada
to indicate possessive attribution, the pragmatics of either using these means
or leaving the nature of the attribution unspecified, and various other means
of lifting the ambiguity existing in nominal attribution in Indonesian. Also
touches upon derivation of adjectives from nouns.

Personal
nominal words in Indonesian: an anomaly in morphological classification,
pp. 166–192 in Joel Bradshaw & Kennneth L. Rehg (eds.), Issues in
Austronesian morphology: a focusschrift for Byron Bender. Canberra: Pacific
Linguistics.

Traditional
grammars group proper names with nouns in one class, and personal and other
pronouns in another. Material is provided suggesting a different grouping in
Indonesian: personal proper names and personal pronouns form one class,
distinct from another that encompasses nouns and demonstrative pronouns. The
former class of personal nominals, to which also pronominalized nouns are
included, is more closely inspected. Personal nominals distinguish the category
of case, minimally the ergative and non-ergative, optionally also the vocative.
Another characteristic grammatical category is that of social ranking. Optional
features are that of abbridgement, and of gender.

2000

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Review
of J.G. de Casparis (1997, Sanskrit loan-words in Indonesian; An annotated
check-list of words from Sanskrit in Indonesian and Traditional Malay, NUSA
Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia 41.
Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma
Jaya), Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 156:844–852.

Includes
notes on etymology of   anilin, bensin, ibu suri, jasa,
Jawa, jawaras, jawawut, Jawi, kamper, Keling,
kulawangsa, mani, manik, margasatwa, merga, Nusantara,
olahraga, prakarsa, prakata, prawacana, pujangga,
raga, sida.

Review
of A. Teeuw (1998, De ontwikkeling van een woordschat; Het Indonesisch
1945–1995, Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van
Wetenschappen [nieuwe reeks] 61/5. Amsterdam: Koningklijke Nederlandse
Akademie van Wetenschappen), Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
156:154–165.

On
development of Indonesian vocabulary, particularly terminological, since 1945
(the review is in English).

1999

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Linguistic
and Philological Data towards Dating Austronesian Activity in India and Sri
Lanka, pp. 160–242 in Roger Blench & Matthew Spriggs (eds.), Archaeology
and Language IV: Language Change and cultural Transformation. London
& New York: Routledge.

[online
repro at GoogleBooks]

Archaeological
research of the last three decades in Southeast Asia suggest a greater role of
the region in world culture development than had been assumed before, raising
new interest in the role of Austronesians in INTERREGIONAL MARITIME
COMMUNICATION. Basing on literary tradition, MYTHOLOGY and folklore,
particularly on NAGAs and SERPENT CULT, also of linguistic data
associated with the SACRED TREE CULT and MEGALITHS, names and distribution of
some DOMESTICATED PLANTS and spices, and early SPICE TRADE, a chronology of
Austronesian activity in INDIA and SRI LANKA in four periods is proposed,
covering the time from c. 1000 B.C. till 700 A.D.

The
Dispersal of Austronesian Boat Forms in the Indian Ocean, pp. 144–179 in
Roger Blench & Matthew Spriggs (eds.), Archaeology and Language III:
Artefacts, languages and texts. London & New York: Routledge.

Arguments,
including particularities in sailing maneuvres, are presented in support of a
revized succession of Austronesian boat forms: (RAFT >) DOUBLE CANOE >
Assymetric double canoe > non-reversible SINGLE-OUTRIGGER CANOE >
REVERSIBLE SINGLE-OUTRIGGER CANOE > DOUBLE-OUTRIGGER CANOE. Historiographic
data suggest approximately simultaneous westward movement of AUSTRONESIAN
SHIPPING and eastward. activity of SEMITIC SHIPPING between 1000 B.C and 700
A.D., mutual influence in form of the sail is inspected. Historiographic data for
SEWN HULL and large size of early Malay ships. Linguistic and archaeological
data on BOAT BURIAL (also Indochinese SPONSON BOATS) suggest Austronesian
ascent of mainland rivers (MEKONG, SALWEEN, IRRAWADY, BRAHMAPUTRA), and
eastward spread of burial custom after 600 B.C. The outriggerless keeled
PLANK-HULLED BOAT is considered to have been spread from INDOCHINA to BOTEL
TOBAGO, MALUKU, the SOLOMONS by around 500 B.C. The distribution of the
protoform *p[a@]DaHu "sailing boat for long-distance navigation" in
OCEANIA and SOUTH INDIA is considered.

1998

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Transmission
of Southeast Asian Cultigens to India and Sri Lanka, pp. 390–415 in Roger
Blench & Matthew Spriggs (eds.), Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological
Data and Linguistic Hypotheses. London & New York: Routledge.

[online repro at GoogleBooks]

Modalities
of the transmission to India and Sri Lanka of some culture plants believed to
originate from Southeast Asia and contiguous South China are studied in a
linguistic context. In the BOTTLE GOURD, a negative example is discussed, being
of African origin. It is concluded that RICE from North Indochina was
transmitted by Mundas to Dravidians towards the end of the 3rd millennium B.C.
Around the 2nd century B.C., the COCONUT, ARECA nut and BETEL pepper, and YAMS
(the latter perhaps a bit later) are introduced to India probably by Austronesians,
the coconut possibly already earlier to Sri Lanka. SUGARCANE in North India is
apparently of local origin and distinct from that of the Far East. The LIME
from insular Southeast Asia and LEMON from North Indochina is introduced
towards the end of the 1st millennium A.D.

1996

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Another
Look at Proto-Austronesian *d and *D, pp. 1–14 in Bernd Nothofer (ed.), Reconstruction,
Classification, Description — Festschrift in Honor of Isidore Dyen,
Abera Network Asia-Pacific 3. Hamburg: Abera.

Introduces
data from Balinese as additional material, and means for distinguishing Malay
and Javanese loans from authentic items of the language. Basing on a revised
definition of *d and *D, it is shown that the distinction between the
proto-phonemes is borne out for three geographically separated regions: Taiwan
(Paiwan, Puyuma), the Philippines (Cebuano,Tagalog), and Western Indonesia
(Balinese, Javanese, Madurese).

Confirmation
of an Etymology: xsalaka ‘money silver&$146;, Oceanic
Linguistics 35:142.

[online repro at JSTOR]

An
Indic precursor referring to a primitive form of money is identified.

1995

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Wie
hießen die Malaien, bevor sie ‘Malaien’ hießen?, pp.
162–176 in A. Bormann, A. Graf, M. Voss (eds.), Südostasien und
Wir: Grundsatzdiskussionen und Fachbei träge. Tagung des Arbeitskreises
Südostasien und Ozeanien Hamburg 1993, Austronesiana. Studien zum
austronesischen Südostasien und Ozeanien 1, Hamburg: LIT-Verlag
(ISBN: 978-3-8258-2014-9).

First
identified mention of the term Malay (Malayu) dates to 644 A.D., but
linguistic evidence has been uncovered suggesting Malay activity in spice trade
since around 200 B.C. By what name were they known, before they were called
"Malays"? Comparison of the travelog of Faxian (412-13 A.D) and
meteorological data show that Sanskrit Yavadvipa (Yava Island) must have
been located near the later Malayu in Sumatra. The Ramayana, Ptolemy's
Geography, and the Javanese Changgal inscription characterize it as rich in
grain and gold mines, Ptolemy places it south of the Malay Peninsula, the
Changgal inscription seems to exclude Java as location, all again pointing to
Sumatra. Historiographic evidence shows Arabic Zabaj (from Javaka,
the Pali adjectival form of Sanskrit Yava) to refer to lands of the
Malays. It is concluded that Sanskrit Yava, Pali Javaka, Arabic Zabaj,
the Chinese cognate Shepo, and Old Malay Jawa referred either to
the original Hinduist-Malay realm which was subjugated by Sri Vijaya in the
late 7th century A.D., or to its inhabitants, or to Malay lands and Malays in
general. An explanation is proposed, how the name later came to refer to Java
and the Javanese.

1994

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Some
Austronesian Maverick Protoforms with Culture-Historical Implications —
II, Oceanic Linguistics 33:431–490.

[online repro at JSTOR]

Linguistic
evidence on SORGHUM and FOXTAIL MILLET are considered, suggesting introduction
of sorghum from India to West Malayo-Indonesia, and of the millet from China
through the Philippines to Indonesia between 1500 and 700 B.C>, being
contemporaneous with the transmission of *buLau-an "GOLD". Data for
RICE are found to be in agreement with Bellwood, but that it was probably a
highland rather than lowland crop. Distribution of *parij and *parigi?
"DITCH around STONE FORTIFICATION" suggests dispersal from
Sulu-Sangir to West Indonesia, implying Indonesion origin of megaliths of
Northeast and South India. Linguistic evidence for origin of the DOUBLE CANOE
from a HOMELAND in China is provided, and for Austronesian participation in
emergence of SHIP OF THE DEAD cult in Indochina, and for introducing boats for
LONG-DISTANCE NAVIGATION to India. A "substratum trail" tracing the
migration to Oceania is investigated . Forms for "PERSON" throw light
on relationship between mongoloid and australoid Austronesians. Conclusions are
made with regard to the implementation of the method of EXCLUSIVELY SHARED
INNOVATIONS.

Some
Austronesian Maverick Protoforms with Culture-Historical Implications —
I, Oceanic Linguistics 33:167–229.

[online repro at JSTOR]

Distortions
of results of subrouping based on EXCLUSIVELY SHARED INNOVATIONS through
inclusion of NON-AUTHENTIC lexical INNOVATIONS (here termed MAVERICKs) are
investigated. Attempts are made to correlate such nonauthentic innovations with
datable archaeological and historiographic data. Protoforms for
"IRON" are found to be maverick, their distribution suggests a
distribution center in the SULU-SANGIR area. PHILIPPINE and MALAY borrowings in
TAIWAN are considered. *Bunga-lawang "CLOVE" and *salaka
"SILVER" are correlated with Malay SPICE TRADE since 200 B.C.; *pirak
"SILVER" and *(@)mas "GOLD" with FUNAN overlordship in the
3rd-4th cent. A.D.; some evidence for east and westward influence of EAST
CENTRAL MALUKU and NORTH HALMEHARA are considered.

1993

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Distinguishing
Homonymic Wordforms in Indonesian, pp. 181–216 in Ger P. Reesink (ed.), Topics
in Descriptive Austronesian Linguistics, Semaian 11. Leiden:
Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië".

Continues
investigation into problem of distinguishing homonymic forms in the paradigm of
a wordclass. Holds that characteristic valencies, hitherto serving to
distinguish wordclasses in isolating languages, actually distinguish wordforms
in the paradigm, whereas the wordclasses are defined by their distinctive
paradigms. Distinguishes homonymic forms in the paradigm of substantives,
pro-nouns (distinguished from personal pronouns), locatives, pro- locatives
(all included in the hyperclass of nouns), personal pro-names (forming together
with proper names and relational pro-names the hyperclass of pro-names), and
verbs.

1988

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Morphophonologische
Besonderheiten und historische Phonologie des Malagasy, Veröffentlichungen des
Seminars für indonesische und Südseesprachen der Universität
Hamburg 20. Berlin / Hamburg: Reimer (ISBN: 978-3-496-00933-0).

Formal
description of Malagasy morphophonology, particularly with regard to
morphophonological processes at suffixation; introduces a morphophonemic
transcription, disclosing suppletivism involving doublet cognates. A general
study of the historical phonology of Malagasy, tracing back to
Proto-East-Barito, and further up till Proto-Austronesian. Study of the origin
and development of the morphophonological particularities of the language.
Discussion of general problems of Austronesian historical linguistics and of
subgrouping methods (particularly lexicostatistics and exclusively shared
innovations).

Reviews:

Jan Knappert, in Bulletin of
the School of Oriental and African Studies 53:395–396
(1990).

K.A. Adelaar, "New Ideas
on the Early History of Malagasy", pp. 1–22 in H. Steinhauer (ed.),
Papers in Austronesian Linguistics No. 1, Pacific Linguistics
series A-81, Canberra: Australian National University (1991).

1981

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Some
Problems of the Phonology of Metropolitan Indonesian, Bijdragen tot de Taal,
Land- en Volkenkunde 137:399–418.

Investigates
the loaned phonemes in Indonesian, which appeared as a result of borrowing from
Sanskrit, Arabic, Persia, Dutch and other European languages, particularly /f/,
/x/, /z/, /sh/, /?/, and /e/.

1976

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Bezaffiksaljnye
slovoformy-omonimy v indonezijskom jazyke (Affixless homonymic Wordforms in
Indonesian), pp. 118–120 in Tjezisy diskussii “Tipologija kak
razdjel jazykoznanija”. Moskva: Nauka.

Proposes
a method for distinguishing homonymic forms within the paradigm of a word of a
given class (part of speech), based on the dependence of limitations in the
realisability of characteristic valencies of words of that class from their
functional position in the phrase. Distinguishes homonymic forms in the
paradigm of the substantive and of the verb.

n.d.

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"Script
and Language of the Tanjung Tanah Manuscript", to appear in a
planned compendium.

"Linguistic
Variety in Later Nineteenth-Century Dutch-Edited Malay Publications", to
appear in a planned compendium.

"Distinguishing
Cognate Homonym Pairs in Indonesian", to appear in a planned compendium.

in
prep

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"Chronological
Stratification Based on Sound Laws in West Indonesia"

"Why,
How, and since When Does Human Language Change?"

"The
Hinduist-Malay Yava Realm".

"Kunlun
in Southeast Asia".

High
and Low Malay in the Formation of Indonesian.

"Indonesian
Lexical Contributions to Internationalese".

Malayo-Indonesian
State Formation, the Linguistic Evidence.

Indonesian
History and the History of Indonesian.