Iraya language

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Iraya
Native to | Philippines
Region | MIMAROPA

Native speakers

(10,000 cited 1991)[1]

Language family

Austronesian

Malayo-Polynesian

Philippine

Central Luzón (?)

Northern Mindoro

Iraya

Language codes
ISO 639-3 | iry
Glottolog | iray1237[2]

The Iraya language is a language spoken by Mangyans on the island of Mindoro in the Philippines. Zorc (1974) places the Iraya language within the North Mangyan group of Malayo-Polynesian languages,[3] though Lobel (2013) notes that it shows "considerable differences" to Tadyawan and Alangan, the other languages in this group.[4] There are 6,000 to 8,000 Iraya speakers, and that number is growing. The language status of Iraya is developing, meaning that this language is being put to use in a strong and healthy manner by its speakers, and it also has its own writing system (though not yet completely common nor maintainable).

Ethnologue reports that Iraya is spoken in the following municipalities of northern Mindoro island.

Mindoro Occidental Province: Paluan, Abra de Ilog, northern Mamburao, and Santa Cruz municipalities

Mindoro Oriental Province: Puerto Galera and San Teodoro municipalities

Barbian (1977) also lists the location of Calamintao, on the northeastern boundary of Santa Cruz municipality (7 km up the Pagbahan River from the provincial highway).[5]

The language is not well documented, though a translation of the Bible is available locally.

Contents

1 Dialects and speech registers

2 Phonemes

2.1 Intonation

2.2 Syllables

3 Pronouns

4 Demonstratives

5 Question words

6 Temporal adverbs

7 Numerals

8 Vocabulary

9 References

Dialects and speech registers[edit]

There are different dialects spoken in the North East, North West, and Southwest areas.[6] Some of these dialects are the following:

Abra de Ilog

Alag Bako

Pagbahan

Palauan-Calavite

Pambuhan

Basic vocabulary and grammar is shared across the dialects. Besides differences in pronunciation, the dialects differ in their preferred usage of words and expressions from the general Iraya vocabulary stock. Furthermore, there are regional borrowings from adjacent languages. Iraya from the lowland, living between the foothills and the plains, adopted some words from Tagalog. Iraya living in the foothills, or on the lower slopes of Ht. Halcon, adopt words from the closely related Alangan language.

Besides a generally used colloquial register called Ibaba, Iraya knows a quasi-liturgical speech register known as Ita'as. This type of speech is used in power songs used by Shamans of Occidental Mindoro. Ita'as is only understood by Shamans, and other people do not recognize this speech. A recording of the power song can be found in the San Teodoro area of Oriental Mindoro.

Phonemes[edit]

The Iraya languages distinguishes 20 phonemes:

13 consonants: p, b, m, t, d, l, s, r, k, g, ŋ, ‘

3 semivowels: w, y, h

4 vowels: i, a, e [ɨ], o

The following charts illustrate the phonemes by articulation. The consonant [ŋ] is represented as <ng> in common writing, and the high central vowel [ɨ] is represented by <e>. The consonant /s/ can have both a dental or alveolar point of articulation.

Iraya consonants

| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal
Voiceless stops | p | t | | k | ‘
Voiced stops | b | d | | g |
Nasals | m | n | | ŋ |
Fricatives | | s | | |
Laterals | | l | | |
Flaps (or Trills) | | r | | |
Semivowels | w | | y | | h

Iraya vowels

| Front | Central | Back
High | i | ɨ |
Mid | | | o
Low | | a |

Intonation[edit]

Declarative Paragraph: The first sentence starts at a high pitch. Then, each of the next sentences have a lower pitch. The last sentence will have the lowest pitch. Emotional or Dramatic Paragraphs: This is the opposite of declarative paragraphs. Each sentence becomes higher than the previous sentence, until the last sentence ends with a more or less higher pitch and long pause.

Syllables[edit]

The following syllable types are used in the Iraya language. (C = consonant; V = vowel)

CV (e.g. ka.wu 'you'; ta.wa 'who')

CVC (e.g. na.kay 'why; what')

CCV (e.g. kwi.tis 'fireworks')

CCVC (e.g. pwis.tu 'place; put')

In consonant clusters, the Iraya language only uses /w/ or /r/ as the second consonant in an onset cluster, as in the two examples kwitis and pwistu presented above (the latter being a Spanish loanword).

Pronouns[edit]

Nominative (or subjective) and genitive (or possessive) cases are distinguished for pronouns. For example, the pronoun "I" translated to aku in Iraya, and the pronoun "my" is na'ay. The Iraya language has dual pronoun forms based on the numeral 'two'. The following table presents the Iraya pronominal paradigm.

Iraya pronouns

| Nominative | Genitive
1st singular | aku | na'ay
2nd singular | kawu | kumu
3rd singular | iya | kunin
1st dual inclusive | kita, kidawa |
2nd dual | kandawa |
3rd dual | sidawa |
1st plural inclusive | tamu |
1st plural exclusive | yamen |
2nd plural | kuyu |
3rd plural | kura |

Demonstratives[edit]

Directional

English | Iraya
This | tiya
That (near) | naba
That (far) | nata
That (furthest), Last | sika
Here | tuwa
There (near) | saba
There (far) | sata
Near, Almost | baya
Exactly | betek

Question words[edit]

Iraya question words

English | Iraya
How much | bidu'
How much | umaning
What | kayu, pakayu
Why | nakay
Where | saru

The two words bidu' and umaning both translate to 'how much, how many' but have different uses. Examples of these question words are given below:

Bidu' mada dayu' ag gura'an? 'How far (how much distance) is it to town?'

Umaning aku kuyay kawu? 'How much older am I than you?'[citation needed]

The latter sentence uses umaning because it is counting age.

Temporal adverbs[edit]

Time

English | Iraya
A little while ago | aray
Previously | naruwa'an
Now | Nguna
Still | baywi
In the future | duma

Numerals[edit]

Numbers

| Cardinal | Ordinal
One/First | sa'i | una
Two/Second | darawa, darwa | ikadarawa, ikarawa
Three/Third | tatlu | ikatatlu
Four/Fourth | apat, upat | ika'apat

Vocabulary[edit]

More Words

English | Iraya
Both | tanan
No more, not anymore | balen
Few, some | buhida
All, whole | bu'u
More | iben-te
Small, fine | uman
Enough, sufficient | sibay
Each, every | tayma

References[edit]

^ Iraya at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Iraya". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

^ Zorc 1974

^ Lobel 2013

^ Barbian, Karl-Josef. 1977. English-Mangyan vocabulary. Cebu City: University of San Carlos.

^ Iraya language at Ethnologue (20th ed., 2017)

Colin E. Tweddell. 1958. The Iraya (Mangyan) Language of Mindoro, Philippines: Phonology and Morphology. University of Washington. Ann Arbor: UMI. (Doctoral dissertation).

Tweddell, Colin E.; Tweddell, Thomas E.; Page, Hazel A. (1974). "Iraya Mangyan Phonology and Philippinie Orthography". Anthropological Linguistics. 16 (7): 368–392. JSTOR 30029421.

Zorc, R. David (1974). "Internal and External Relationships of the Mangyan Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 13 (1/2): 561–600. doi:10.2307/3622753.

Lobel, Jason William (2013). Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa.

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Philippine Negrito languages

Northern Luzon

Atta

Arta

Northern Alta

Southern Alta

Central Cagayan Agta

Northeastern Luzon

Dupaningan Agta

Dinapigue Agta

Casiguran Dumagat Agta

Nagtipunan Agta

Paranan Agta

Central Luzon

Ayta Mag-indi

Ayta Mag-anchi

Ayta Abellen

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Remontado Dumagat (Sinauna)

Manide-Inagta

Manide

Inagta Alabat (Inagta Lopez)

Katabangan †

Central Philippine

Bikol

Inagta Rinconada

Inagta Partido

Mount Iraya Agta †

Visayan

Magahat

Karolanos

Mansakan

Mamanwa

Mindanao

Ata Manobo

Matigsalug (Tigwa)

Northern Mindoro

Iraya

Palawan

Batak

Ati

Ati

(unclassified)

Umiray Dumaget

Ata

Cross (†) and italics indicate extinct languages.

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Batanic (Bashiic)

Itbayat

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Yami

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Arta †

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Ilongot

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Iwaak

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Sambalic

Abellen

Ambala

Bolinao

Botolan

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Sambal

Northern Mindoro

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Iraya

Tadyawan

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Central
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Southern Mindoro

Buhid

Hanuno'o

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Tagalogic

Tagalog

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Mount Iriga Agta

Rinconada

Pandan Bikol

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Cebuano

Boholano ?

Hiligaynon

Waray

Tausug

Karay-a

Sulod

Aklanon

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Asi

Baybay

Kabalian

Bantayanon

Porohanon

Romblomanon

Caluyanon

Onhan

Cuyonon

Ratagnon

Surigaonon

Butuanon

Masbateño

Sorsoganon

Mansakan

Davawenyo

Kalagan

Kamayo

Mamanwa

Mandaya

Mansaka

(unclassified)

Karolanos

Magahat

Ata †

Palawan

Aborlan Tagbanwa

Central Tagbanwa

Palawan Batak

Palawano

Subanen

Subanen

Danao

Maguindanao

Maranao

Iranun

Manobo

Agusan

Ata Manobo

Matigsalug

Obo

Ilianen

Western Bukidnon

Binukid

Higaonon

Kagayanen

Kamigin

Cotabato Manobo

Sarangani

Tagabawa

Gorontalo–Mongondow

Bolango

Buol

Bintauna

Gorontalo

Kaidipang

Lolak

Suwawa

Mongondow

Ponosakan

Kalamian

Agutaynen

Calamian Tagbanwa

Bilic

Giangan

B'laan

T'boli

Tiruray

Sangiric

Sangirese

Talaud

Bantik

Ratahan

Minahasan

Tonsawang

Tontemboan

Tombulu

Tondano

Tonsea

Unclassified

Umiray Dumaget

Ati

Manide-Inagta

Inagta Alabat

Manide

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? indicates classification dispute

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