Ilocano language

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Not to be confused with Alekano language.

Ilocano
Ilokano
Iloko, Iluko, Pagsasao nga Ilokano
Native to | Philippines
Region | Northern Luzon, many parts of Central Luzon (northern Tarlac, northern sections of Zambales, Aurora, and Nueva Ecija), and few parts of Soccsksargen
Ethnicity | Ilocano

Native speakers

9.1 million (2015)[1]
2 million L2 speakers (2000)[2]
Third most spoken native language in the Philippines[3]

Language family

Austronesian

Malayo-Polynesian

Philippine

Northern Luzon

Ilocano

Writing system

Latin (Ilocano alphabet),
Ilokano Braille
Historically Kur-itan

Official status

Official language in

La Union[4]

Recognised minority
language in

Philippines

Regulated by | Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-2 | ilo
ISO 639-3 | ilo
Glottolog | ilok1237[5]
Linguasphere | 31-CBA-a

Area where Ilokano is spoken according to Ethnologue[6]
Striped areas are Itneg-Ilokano bilingual communities in Abra province

This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Ilocano (also Ilokano; /iːloʊˈkɑːnoʊ/;[7] Ilocano: Pagsasao nga Ilokano) is an Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines. It is the third most-spoken native language in the country.

As an Austronesian language, it is related to Malay (Indonesian and Malaysian), Tetum, Chamorro, Fijian, Maori, Hawaiian, Samoan, Tahitian, Paiwan and Malagasy. It is closely related to some of the other Austronesian languages of Northern Luzon, and has slight mutual intelligibility with the Balangao language and the eastern dialects of the Bontoc language.[dubious – discuss] [8]

The Ilokano people had their own distinct indigenous writing system and script known as kur-itan. There have been proposals to revive the kur-itan script by teaching it in Ilokano-majority public and private schools in Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur.[9]

Contents

1 Classification

2 Geographic distribution

3 Writing system

3.1 Modern alphabet

3.2 Pre-colonial

3.3 Modern

3.4 Samples of the two systems

4 Ilocano and education

5 Literature

6 Phonology

6.1 Segmental

6.1.1 Vowels

6.1.1.1 O/U and I/E

6.1.1.2 Pronunciation of ⟨e⟩

6.1.2 Diphthongs

6.1.3 Consonants

6.2 Prosody

6.2.1 Primary stress

6.2.2 Secondary stress

6.2.3 Vowel length

6.2.4 Stress shift

7 Grammar

8 Lexicon

8.1 Borrowings

8.2 Common expressions

8.3 Numbers, days, months

8.3.1 Numbers

8.3.2 Days of the week

8.3.3 Months

8.3.4 Units of time

9 More Ilocano words

10 See also

11 Notes

12 Citations

13 References

14 External links

Classification[edit]

Ilocano, like all Philippine languages, is an Austronesian language, a very expansive language family believed to originate in Taiwan.[10][11] Ilocano comprises its own branch within the Philippine Cordilleran language subfamily. It is spoken as first language by seven million people.[3]

A lingua franca of the northern region of the Philippines, it is spoken as a secondary language by more than two million people who are native speakers of Ibanag, Ivatan, and other languages in Northern Luzon.[2]

Geographic distribution[edit]

Main article: Ilocandia

Ilokano-speaking density per province. Enlarge picture to see percent distribution.

The language is spoken in northwest Luzon, the Babuyan Islands, Cordillera Administrative Region, Cagayan Valley, northern parts of Central Luzon, Mindoro and scattered areas in Mindanao (the Soccsksargen region in particular).[12] The language is also spoken in the United States, with Hawaii and California having the largest number of speakers.[13] It is the third most spoken non-English language in Hawaii after Tagalog and Japanese, with 17% of those speaking languages other than English at home (25.4% of the population) speaking the language.[14]

In September 2012, the province of La Union passed an ordinance recognizing Ilocano (Iloko) as an official provincial language, alongside Filipino and English, as national and official languages of the Philippines, respectively.[4] It is the first province in the Philippines to pass an ordinance protecting and revitalizing a native language, although there are also other languages spoken in the province of La Union, including Pangasinan and Kankanaey.[4]

Writing system[edit]

Our Father prayer from Doctrina Cristiana, 1621. Written in Ilocano using Baybayin script.

Modern alphabet[edit]

The modern Ilokano Alphabet of 28 letters[15]

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ññ NGng Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz

Pre-colonial[edit]

Precolonial Ilocano people of all classes wrote in a syllabic system known as Baybayin prior to European arrival. They used a system that is termed as an abugida, or an alphasyllabary. It was similar to the Tagalog and Pangasinan scripts, where each character represented a consonant-vowel, or CV, sequence. The Ilocano version, however, was the first to designate coda consonants with a diacritic mark – a cross or virama – shown in the Doctrina Cristiana of 1621, one of the earliest surviving Ilokano publications. Before the addition of the virama, writers had no way to designate coda consonants. The reader, on the other hand, had to guess whether the vowel was read or not, due to this vowels "e" and "i" are interchangeable and letters "o" and "u", for instance "tendera" and "tindira" (shop-assistant).

Modern[edit]

In recent times, there have been two systems in use: The "Spanish" system and the "Tagalog" system. In the Spanish system words of Spanish origin kept their spellings. Native words, on the other hand, conformed to the Spanish rules of spelling. Most older generation of Ilocanos use the Spanish system.

In the system based on that of Tagalog there is more of a phoneme-to-letter correspondence, and better reflects the actual pronunciation of the word.[a] The letters ng constitute a digraph and counts as a single letter, following n in alphabetization. As a result, numo humility appears before ngalngal to chew in newer dictionaries. Words of foreign origin, most notably those from Spanish, need to be changed in spelling to better reflect Ilocano phonology. Words of English origin may or may not conform to this orthography. A prime example using this system is the weekly magazine Bannawag.

Samples of the two systems[edit]

The following are two versions of the Lord's Prayer. The one on the left is written using the Spanish-based orthography, while the one on the right uses the Tagalog-based system.

Amami, ñga addaca sadi lañgit,

Madaydayao coma ti Naganmo.

Umay cuma ti pagariam.

Maaramid cuma ti pagayatam

Cas sadi lañgit casta met ditoy daga.

Itedmo cadacam ita ti taraonmi iti inaldao.

Quet pacaoanennacami cadaguiti ut-utangmi,

A cas met panamacaoanmi

Cadaguiti nacautang cadacami.

Quet dinacam iyeg iti pannacasulisog,

No di quet isalacannacami iti daques.

Amami, nga addaka sadi langit,

Madaydayaw koma ti Naganmo.

Umay koma ti pagariam.

Maaramid koma ti pagayatam

Kas sadi langit kasta met ditoy daga.

Itedmo kadakami iti taraonmi iti inaldaw.

Ket pakawanennakami kadagiti ut-utangmi,

A kas met panamakawanmi

Kadagiti nakautang kadakami.

Ket dinakam iyeg iti pannakasulisog,

No di ket isalakannakami iti dakes.

Ilocano and education[edit]

With the implementation by the Spanish of the Bilingual Education System of 1897, Ilocano, together with the other seven major languages (those that have at least a million speakers), was allowed to be used as a medium of instruction until the second grade. It is recognized by the Commission on the Filipino Language as one of the major languages of the Philippines.[16] Constitutionally, Ilocano is an auxiliary official language in the regions where it is spoken and serves as auxiliary media of instruction therein.[17]

In 2009, the Philippine Department of Education instituted department order 74, s. 2009 stipulating that "mother tongue-based multilingual education" would be implemented. In 2012, department order 16, s. 2012 stipulated that the mother tongue-based multilingual system was to be implemented for kindergarten to grade 3 effective school year 2012-2013.[18] Ilocano is used in public schools mostly in the Ilocos region and the Cordilleras. It is the primary medium of instruction from kindergarten to grade 3 (except for the Filipino and English subjects) and is also a separate subject from grade 1 to grade 3. Thereafter, English and Filipino are introduced as mediums of instructions.

Literature[edit]

Main article: Ilokano literature

The ten commandments in Ilocano.

Ilocano animistic past offers a rich background in folklore, mythology and superstition (see Religion in the Philippines). There are many stories of good and malevolent spirits and beings. Its creation mythology centers on the giants Aran and her husband Angalo, and Namarsua (the Creator).

The epic story Biag ni Lam-ang (The Life of Lam-ang) is undoubtedly one of the few indigenous stories from the Philippines that survived colonialism, although much of it is now acculturated and shows many foreign elements in the retelling. It reflects values important to traditional Ilokano society; it is a hero's journey steeped in courage, loyalty, pragmatism, honor, and ancestral and familial bonds.

Ilocano culture revolves around life rituals, festivities and oral history. These were celebrated in songs (kankanta), dances (salsala), poems (dandaniw), riddles (burburtia), proverbs (pagsasao), literary verbal jousts called bucanegan (named after the writer Pedro Bucaneg, and is the equivalent of the Balagtasan of the Tagalogs) and epic stories.

Phonology[edit]

Segmental[edit]

Vowels[edit]

Modern Ilocano has two dialects, which are differentiated only by the way the letter e is pronounced. In the Amianan (Northern) dialect, there exist only five vowels while the Abagatan (Southern) dialect employs six.

Amianan: /a/, /i/, /u/, /ɛ/, /o/

Abagatan: /a/, /i/, /u/, /ɛ/, /o/, /ɯ/

Reduplicate vowels are not slurred together, but voiced separately with an intervening glottal stop:

saan: /sa.ʔan/ no

siit: /si.ʔit/ thorn

The letter in bold is the graphic (written) representation of the vowel.

Ilokano vowel chart

| Front | Central | Back

Close

i /i/

u/o /u/
e /ɯ/

Mid | e /ɛ/ | | o /o/
Open | | a /a/ |

For a better rendition of vowel distribution, please refer to the IPA Vowel Chart.

Unstressed /a/ is pronounced [ɐ] in all positions except final syllables, like madí [mɐˈdi] (cannot be) but ngiwat (mouth) is pronounced [ˈŋiwat].

Although the modern (Tagalog) writing system is largely phonetic, there are some notable conventions.

O/U and I/E[edit]

In native morphemes, the close back rounded vowel /u/ is written differently depending on the syllable. If the vowel occurs in the ultima of the morpheme, it is written o; elsewhere, u.

Example:
Root: luto cook
agluto to cook
lutuen to cook (something) example:lutuen dayta

Instances such as masapulmonto, You will manage to find it, to need it, are still consistent. Note that masapulmonto is, in fact, three morphemes: masapul (verb base), -mo (pronoun) and -(n)to (future particle). An exception to this rule, however, is laud /la.ʔud/ (west). Also, u in final stressed syllables can be pronounced [o], like [dɐ.ˈnom] for danum (water).

The two vowels are not highly differentiated in native words due to fact that /o/ was an allophone of /u/ in the history of the language. In words of foreign origin, notably Spanish, they are phonemic.

Example:
uso use
oso bear

Unlike u and o, i and e are not allophones, but i in final stressed syllables in words ending in consonants can be [ɛ], like ubíng [ʊ.ˈbɛŋ] (child).

The two closed vowels become glides when followed by another vowel. The close back rounded vowel /u/ becomes [w] before another vowel; and the close front unrounded vowel /i/, [j].

Example:
kuarta /kwaɾ.ta/ money
paria /paɾ.ja/ bitter melon

In addition, dental/alveolar consonants become palatalized before /i/. (See Consonants below).

Unstressed /i/ and /u/ are pronounced [ɪ] and [ʊ] except in final syllables, like pintás (beauty) [pɪn.ˈtas] and buténg (fear) [bʊ.ˈtɛŋ] but bangir (other side) and parabur (grace) are pronounced [ˈba.ŋiɾ] and [pɐ.ˈɾa.buɾ].

Pronunciation of ⟨e⟩[edit]

The letter ⟨e⟩ represents two vowels in the non-nuclear dialects (areas outside the Ilocos provinces) [ɛ] in words of foreign origin and [ɯ] in native words, and only one in the nuclear dialects of the Ilocos provinces, [ɛ].

Realization of ⟨e⟩

Word | Gloss | Origin | Nuclear | Non-nuclear
keddeng | assign | Native | [kɛd.dɛŋ] | [kɯd.dɯŋ]
elepante | elephant | Spanish | [ʔɛ.lɛ.pan.tɛ] | [ʔɛ.lɛ.pan.tɛ]

Diphthongs[edit]

Diphthongs are combination of a vowel and /i/ or /u/. In the orthography, the secondary vowels (underlying /i/ or /u/) are written with their corresponding glide, y or w, respectively. Of all the possible combinations, only /aj/ or /ej/, /iw/, /aw/ and /uj/ occur. In the orthography, vowels in sequence such as uo and ai, do not coalesce into a diphthong, rather, they are pronounced with an intervening glottal stop, for example, buok hair /bʊ.ʔuk/ and dait sew /da.ʔit/.

Diphthongs

Diphthong | Orthography | Example
/au/ | aw | kabaw "senile"
/iu/ | iw | iliw "home sick"
/ai/ | ay | maysa "one"
/ei/[b] | ey | idiey "there" (Regional variant. Standard: "idiay")
/oi/, /ui/[c] | oy, uy | baboy "pig"

The diphthong /ei/ is a variant of /ai/ in native words. Other occurrences are in words of Spanish and English origin. Examples are reyna /ˈɾei.na/ (from Spanish reina, queen) and treyner /ˈtɾei.nɛɾ/ (trainer). The diphthongs /oi/ and /ui/ may be interchanged since /o/ is an allophone of /u/ in final syllables. Thus, apúy (fire) may be pronounced /ɐ.ˈpui/ and baboy (pig) may be pronounced /ˈba.bui/.

Consonants[edit]

Bilabial

Dental/
Alveolar

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

Stops | Voiceless | p | t | | k | (#[d]∅[e] V/∅V∅/C-V)[ʔ][f]
Voiced | b | d | | g |
Affricates | Voiceless | | | (ts, tiV) [tʃ][g] | |
Voiced | | | (diV) [dʒ][g] | |
Fricatives | | s | (siV) [ʃ][g] | | h
Nasals | m | n | (niV) [nʲ][g] | ng [ŋ] |
Laterals | | l | (liV) [lʲ][g] | |
Flaps | | r [ɾ] | | |
Trills | | (rr [r]) | | |
Semivowels | (w, CuV) [w][g] | | (y, CiV) [j][g] | |

All consonantal phonemes except /h, ʔ/ may be a syllable onset or coda. The phoneme /h/ is a borrowed sound and rarely occurs in coda position. Although, the Spanish word, reloj, clock, would have been heard as [re.loh], the final /h/ is dropped resulting in /re.lo/. However, this word also may have entered the Ilokano lexicon at early enough a time that the word was still pronounced /re.loʒ/, with the j pronounced as in French, resulting in /re.los/ in Ilokano. As a result, both /re.lo/ and /re.los/ occur.

The glottal stop /ʔ/ is not permissible as coda; it can only occur as onset. Even as an onset, the glottal stop disappears in affixation. Take for example the root aramat [ʔɐ.ra.mat], use. When prefixed with ag-, the expected form is *[ʔɐɡ.ʔɐ.ra.mat]. But, the actual form is [ʔɐ.ɡɐ.ra.mat]; the glottal stop disappears. In a reduplicated form, the glottal stop returns and participates in the template, CVC, agar-aramat [ʔɐ.ɡar.ʔɐ.ra.mat].

Stops are pronounced without aspiration. When they occur as coda, they are not released, for example, sungbat [sʊŋ.bat̚] answer, response.

Ilokano is one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from [ɾ]-[d] allophony, as /r/ in many cases is derived from a Proto-Austonesian *R, compare bago (Tagalog) and baró (Ilokano) new.

The language marginally has a trill [r] which was spelled as "rr", for example, serrek [sɛ.ˈrɛk] to enter. Trill [r] is sometimes an allophone of [ɾ] in word-initial position and word-final positions, spelled as single <r>. But it is different in proper names of foreign origin, mostly Spanish, like Serrano, which is correctly pronounced [sɛ.ˈrano]. Some speakers, however, pronounce Serrano as [sɛ.ˈɾano].

Prosody[edit]

Primary stress[edit]

The placement of primary stress is lexical in Ilocano. This results in minimal pairs such as /ˈkaː.yo/ (wood) and /ka.ˈyo/ (you (plural or polite)) or /ˈkiː.ta/ (class, type, kind) and /ki.ˈta/ (see). In written Ilokano the reader must rely on context, thus ⟨kayo⟩ and ⟨kita⟩. Primary stress can fall only on either the penult or the ultima of the root, as seen in the previous examples.

While stress is unpredictable in Ilokano, there are notable patterns that can determine where stress will fall depending on the structures of the penult, the ultima and the origin of the word.[2]

Foreign Words – The stress of foreign (mostly Spanish) words adopted into Ilokano fall on the same syllable as the original.[h]

Ilocano | Gloss | Comment
doktór | doctor | Spanish origin
agmaného | (to) drive | Spanish origin (I drive)
agrekórd | (to) record | English origin (verb)

CVC.'CV(C)# but 'CVŋ.kV(C)# – In words with a closed penult, stress falls on the ultima, except for instances of /-ŋ.k-/ where it is the penult.

Ilocano | Gloss | Comment
addá | there is/are | Closed Penult
takkí | feces | Closed Penult
bibíngka | (a type of delicacy) | -ŋ.k sequence

'C(j/w)V# – In words whose ultima is a glide plus a vowel, stress falls on the ultima.

Ilocano | Gloss | Comment
al-aliá | ghost | Consonant-Glide-Vowel
ibiáng | to involve (someone or something) | Consonant-Glide-Vowel
ressuát | creation | Consonant-Glide-Vowel

C.'CV:.ʔVC# – In words where VʔV and V is the same vowel for the penult and ultima, the stress falls on the penult.

Ilocano | Gloss | Comment
buggúong | fermented fish or shrimp paste | Vowel-Glottal-Vowel
máag | idiot | Vowel-Glottal-Vowel
síit | thorn, spine, fish bone | Vowel-Glottal-Vowel

Secondary stress[edit]

Secondary stress occurs in the following environments:

Syllables whose coda is the onset of the next, i.e., the syllable before a geminate.

Ilocano | Gloss | Comment
pànnakakíta | ability to see | Syllable before geminate
kèddéng | judgement, decision | Syllable before geminate
ùbbíng | children | Syllable before geminate

Reduplicated consonant-vowel sequence resulting from morphology or lexicon

Ilocano | Gloss | Comment
agsàsaó | speaks,is speaking | Reduplicate CV
àl-aliá | ghost, spirit | Reduplicate CV
agdàdáit | sews, is sewing | Reduplicate CV

Vowel length[edit]

Vowel length coincides with stressed syllables (primary or secondary) and only on open syllables except for ultimas, for example, /'ka:.yo/ tree versus /ka.'yo/ (second person plural ergative pronoun).

Stress shift[edit]

As primary stress can fall only on the penult or the ultima, suffixation causes a shift in stress one syllable to the right. The vowel of open penults that result lengthen as a consequence.

Stem | Suffix | Result | Gloss
/ˈpuː.dut/ (heat) | /-ɯn/ (Goal focus) | /pu.ˈduː.tɯn/ | to warm/heat (something)
/da.ˈlus/ (clean) | /-an/ (Directional focus) | /da.lu.ˈsan/ | to clean (something)

Grammar[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2018)

Main articles: Ilocano grammar and Ilocano verb

Ilokano is typified by a predicate-initial structure. Verbs and adjectives occur in the first position of the sentence, then the rest of the sentence follows.

Ilocano uses a highly complex list of affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes and enclitics) and reduplications to indicate a wide array of grammatical categories. Learning simple root words and corresponding affixes goes a long way in forming cohesive sentences.[19]

Lexicon[edit]

An Ilocano Dictionary by Morice Vanoverbergh, CICM, published in 1955 by the CICM Fathers in Baguio to help them in evangelizing in Ilocandia.

Borrowings[edit]

Foreign accretion comes largely from Spanish, followed by English and smatterings of much older accretion from Hokkien (Min Nan), Arabic and Sanskrit.[20][21][22]

Examples of Borrowing

Word | Source | Original Meaning | Ilocano meaning
arak | Arabic | drink similar to sake | generic alcoholic drink
karma | Sanskrit | deed (see Buddhism) | spirit
sanglay | Hokkien | to deliver goods | to deliver/Chinese merchant
agbuldos | English | to bulldoze | to bulldoze
kuarta | Spanish | cuarta ("quarter", a kind of copper coin) | money
kumusta | Spanish | greeting: ¿Cómo está? ("How are you?") | How are you?

Common expressions[edit]

Ilokano shows a T-V distinction.

English | Ilocano
Yes | Wen

No

Saan
Haan (variant)

How are you?

Kumustaka?
Kumustakayo? (polite and plural)

Good day

Naimbag nga aldaw.
Naimbag nga aldawyo. (polite and plural)

Good morning

Naimbag a bigatmo.
Naimbag a bigatyo. (polite and plural)

Good afternoon

Naimbag a malemmo.
Naimbag a malemyo. (polite and plural)

Good evening

Naimbag a rabiim.
Naimbag a rabiiyo. (polite and plural)

What is your name?

Ania ti naganmo? (often contracted to Ania't nagan mo? or Ana't nagan mo)
Ania ti naganyo?

Where's the bathroom? | Ayanna ti banio?

I do not understand

Saanko a maawatan/matarusan.
Haanko a maawatan/matarusan.

Diak maawatan/matarusan.

I love you

Ay-ayatenka.
Ipatpategka.

I'm sorry.

Pakawanennak.
Dispensarennak.

Thank you.

Agyamannak apo.
Dios ti agngina.

Goodbye

Kastan/Kasta pay. (Till then)
Sige. (Okay. Continue.)
Innakon. (I'm going)
Inkamin. (We are going)
Ditakan. (You stay)
Ditakayon. (You stay (pl.))

I/me

Numbers, days, months[edit]

Numbers[edit]

Main article: Ilocano numbers

Ilocano uses two number systems, one native and the other derived from Spanish.

Numbers

0

ibbong
awan (lit. none)

sero

0.25 (1/4) | pagkapat | kuatro
0.50 (1/2) | kagudua | mitad
1 | maysa | uno
2 | dua | dos
3 | tallo | tres
4 | uppat | kuatro
5 | lima | singko
6 | innem | sais
7 | pito | siete
8 | walo | otso
9 | siam | nuebe
10 | sangapulo (lit. a group of ten) | dies
11 | sangapulo ket maysa | onse
20 | duapulo | bainte
50 | limapulo | singkuenta
100 | sangagasut (lit. a group of one hundred) | sien, siento
1,000 | sangaribo (lit. a group of one thousand) | mil
10,000 | sangalaksa (lit. a group of ten thousand) | dies mil
1,000,000 | sangariwriw (lit. a group of one million) | milion
1,000,000,000 | sangabilion (American English, billion) | bilion

Ilocano uses a mixture of native and Spanish numbers. Traditionally Ilokano numbers are used for quantities and Spanish numbers for time or days and references. Examples:

Spanish:

Mano ti tawenmo?

How old are you (in years)? (Lit. How many years do you have?)

Beintiuno.

Twenty one.

Luktanyo dagiti Bibliayo iti libro ni Juan kapitulo tres bersikolo diesiseis.

Open your Bibles to the book of John chapter three verse sixteen.

Ilocano:

Mano a kilo ti bagas ti kayatmo?

How many kilos of rice do you want?

Sangapulo laeng.

Ten only.

Adda dua nga ikanna.

He has two fish. (lit. There are two fish with him.)

Days of the week[edit]

Days of the week are directly borrowed from Spanish.

Days of the Week

Monday | Lunes
Tuesday | Martes
Wednesday | Mierkoles
Thursday | Huebes
Friday | Biernes
Saturday | Sabado
Sunday | Dominggo

Months[edit]

Like the days of the week, the names of the months are taken from Spanish.

Months

January | Enero | July | Hulio
February | Pebrero | August | Agosto
March | Marso | September | Septiembre
April | Abril | October | Oktubre
May | Mayo | November | Nobiembre
June | Hunio | December | Disiembre

Units of time[edit]

The names of the units of time are either native or are derived from Spanish. The first entries in the following table are native; the second entries are Spanish derived.

Units of time

second

kanito
segundo

minute

daras
minuto

hour | oras
day | aldaw

week

lawas
dominggo (lit. Sunday)

month | bulan

year

tawen
anio

To mention time, Ilokanos use a mixture of Spanish and Ilokano:

1:00 a.m. A la una iti bigat (One in the morning)

2:30 p.m. A las dos imedia iti malem (in Spanish, A las dos y media de la tarde or "half past two in the afternoon")

6:00 p.m Alas sais iti sardang (six in the evening)

7:00 p.m Alas siete iti rabii (seven in the evening)

12:00 noon Alas dose iti pangaldaw (twelve noon)

More Ilocano words[edit]

abay = beside; wedding party

abalayan = parents-in-law

adal = study (Southern dialect)

adda = affirming the presence or existence of a person, place, or object

ading = younger sibling; can also be applied to someone who is younger than the speaker

ala = to take

ammo = know

anus = perseverance, patience (depends on the usage)

anya = what/what is it

apan = go; to go

apa = fight, argument; ice cream cone

apay = why

apong = grandparent

apong baket / lilang / lola = grandmother

apong lakay / lilong / lolo= grandfather

aramid = build, work (Southern dialect)

aysus!/ Ay Apo! = oh, Jesus/oh, my God!

baak = ancient; old

bado = clothes

bagi = one’s body; ownership

balong = same as baro

bangles = spoiled food

(i/bag)baga = (to) tell/speak

bagtit / mauyong = crazy/bad word in Ilokano, drunk person, meager

balasang = young female/lass

balatong = mung beans

balong = infant/child

bangsit = stink/unpleasant/spoiled

baro = young male/lad

basa = study (Northern dialect); read (Southern dialect)

basang = same as balasang

bassit = few, small, tiny

kabarbaro = new

basol = fault, wrongdoing, sin

baut = spank

bayag = slow

binting = 25 cents/quarter

dadael = destroy/ruin

(ma)damdama = later

danon = to arrive at

diding / taleb = wall

dumanon = come

kiaw/amarilio = yellow

buneng = bladed tool / sword

gasto = spend

ganus = unripe

gaw-at = reach

(ag) gawid = go home

giddan = simultaneous

iggem = holding

ikkan = to give

inipis = cards

inton bigat / intono bigat = tomorrow

kaanakan = niece / nephew

kabalio = horse

kabatiti = loofah

kabsat = Sibling

kalub = cover

kanayon = always

karuba = neighbor

kayat = want

kayumanggi-kunig = yellowish brown

kibin = hold hands

kigtut = startle

kuddot/keddel = pinch

kumá / komá = hoping for

ina/inang/nanang = mother

lastog = boast/arrogant

lag-an = light/not heavy

laing / sirib = intelligence

lawa / nalawa = wide

lugan = vehicle

madi = hate

manang = older sister or relative; can also be applied to women a little older than the speaker

manó = how many/how much

manong = older brother or relative; can also be applied to men a little older than the speaker

mare = female friend/mother

met = also, too

obra = work (Northern dialect)

naimbag nga agsapa = good morning

naapgad = salty

nagasang, naadat=spicy

(na)pintas = beautiful/pretty (woman)

(na)ngato = high/above/up

panaw = leave

pare = close male friend

padi = priest

(na)peggad = danger(ous)

(ag) perdi = (to) break/ruin/damage

pigis= tear

pigsa = strength; strong

pustaan = bet, wager

pimmusay(en) = died

riing = wake up

rigat = hardship

rugi = start

rugit = dirt/not clean

ruot = weed/s

rupa = face

ruar = outside

sagad = broom

sala = dance

sang-gol = arm wrestling

sapul = find; need

(na)sakit = (it) hurts

sida = noun for fish, main dish, side dish, viand

siit = fish bone/thorn

(na)singpet = kind/obedient

suli = corner

(ag)surat = (to) write

tadem = sharpness (use for tools)

takaw = steal

takrot/tarkok = coward/afraid

tangken = hard (texture)

tinnag = fall down

(ag)tokar = to play music or a musical instrument

torpe = rude

tudo = rain

(ag)tugaw = (to) sit

tugawan = anything to sit on

tugaw = chair, seat

tuno = grill

(na)tawid = inherit(ed)

ubing = kid; baby; child

umay = welcome

unay = very much

uliteg = uncle

uray = even though/wait

uray siak met = me too; even I/me

ulo = head

upa = hen

utong = string beans

utot = mouse/rat

uttot = fart

Also of note is the yo-yo, named after an ilocano word.

See also[edit]

Ilokano grammar

Ilokano numbers

Ilokano particles

Ilokano verb

Notes[edit]

^ However, there are notable exceptions. The reverse is true for the vowel /u/ where it has two representations in native words. The vowel /u/ is written o when it appears in the last syllable of the word or of the root, for example kitaemonto /ki.ta.e.mun.tu/. In addition, e represents two vowels in the southern dialect: [ɛ] and [].

^ The diphthong /ei/ is a variant of /ai/.

^ The distinction between /o/ and /u/ is minimal.

^ The '#' represents the start of the word boundary

^ the symbol '∅' represents zero or an absence of a phoneme.

^ Ilocano syllables always begin with a consonant onset. Words that begin with a vowel actually begin with a glottal stop ('[ʔ]'), but it is not shown in the orthography. When the glottal stop occurs within a word there are two ways it is represented. When two vowels are juxtaposed, except certain vowel combinations beginning with /i/ or /u/ which in fact imply a glide /j/ or /w/, the glottal stop is implied. Examples: buok hair [buː.ʔok], dait sew [daː.ʔit], but not ruar outside [ɾwaɾ]. However, if the previous syllable is closed (ends in a consonant) and the following syllable begins with a glottal stop, a hyphen is used to represent it, for example lab-ay bland [lab.ʔai].

^ a b c d e f g Letters in parentheses are orthographic conventions that are used.

^ Spanish permits stress to fall on the antepenult. As a result, Ilokano will shift the stress to fall on the penult. For example, árabe an Arab becomes arábo in Ilocano.

Citations[edit]

^ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin

^ a b c Rubino (2000)

^ a b Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000

^ a b c Elias, Jun (19 September 2012). "Iloko La Union's official language". Philippine Star. Retrieved 24 September 2012.

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Iloko". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

^ Ethnologue. "Language Map of Northern Philippines". ethnologue.com. Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 December 2015.

^ Bauer, Laurie (2007). The Linguistics Student's Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

^ Lewis (2013). Ethnologue Languages of the World. Retrieved from:http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ebk

^ Orejas, Tonette. "Protect all PH writing systems, heritage advocates urge Congress". newsinfo.inquirer.net.

^ Bellwood, Peter (1998). "Taiwan and the Prehistory of the Austronesians-speaking Peoples". Review of Archaeology. 18: 39–48.

^ Diamond, Jared M. (2000). "Taiwan's gift to the world". Nature. 403 (6771): 709–710. doi:10.1038/35001685. PMID 10693781.

^ Lewis, M. Paul; Simmons, Gary F; Fennig, Charles D. "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Eighteenth edition". SIL International. Retrieved 17 December 2015.

^ Rubino, Carl (2005). "Chapter Eleven: Iloko". In Adelaar, Alexander (ed.). The Austronesian Language of Asia and Madagascar. Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. Routledge. p. 326. ISBN 0-7007-1286-0.

^ Detailed Languages Spoken at Home in the State of Hawaii (PDF). Hawaii: Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism. March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2018.

^ Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (2012). Tarabay iti Ortograpia ti Pagsasao nga Ilokano. Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino. p. 25.

^ Panfilio D. Catacataca (30 April 2015). "The Commission on the Filipino Language". ncca.gov.ph. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Retrieved 7 December 2015.

^ 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, thecorpusjuris.com (Article XIV, Section 7)

^ Dumlao, Artemio (16 May 2012). "K+12 to use 12 mother tongues". philstar.com. Retrieved 4 September 2018.

^ Vanoverbergh (1955)

^ Gelade, George P. (1993). Ilokano English Dictionary. CICM Missionaries/Progressive Printing Palace, Quezon City, Philippines. 719pp.

^ Vanoverbergh, Morice (1956). Iloko-English Dictionary:Rev. Andres Carro's Vocabulario Iloco-Español. Catholic School Press, Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Baguio City, Philippines. 370pp.

^ Vanoverbergh, Morice (1968). English-Iloko Thesaurus. Catholic School Press, Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Baguio City, Philippines. 365pp.

References[edit]

Rubino, Carl (1997). Ilocano Reference Grammar (PhD thesis). University of California, Santa Barbara.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Rubino, Carl (2000). Ilocano Dictionary and Grammar: Ilocano-English, English-Ilocano. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0-8248-2088-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Vanoverbergh, Morice (1955). Iloco Grammar. Baguio, Philippines: Catholic School Press/Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Mary.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

External links[edit]

| Iloko edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

| Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ilocano phrasebook.

The Online Ilokano Dictionary Project (TOIDP) – A free Ilokano dictionary application for people to utilize so that they may overcome the language barriers existing between the English and Ilokano languages.

Android Mobile Application - Ilokano Search – A free Android application that allows users to search our database of entries for Ilokano/English translations.

iOS Mobile Application - Ilokano Search – A free iOS application that allows users to search our database of entries for Ilokano/English translations

Tarabay iti Ortograpia ti Pagsasao nga Ilokano – A free ebook version of the Guide on the Orthography of the Ilokano Language developed by the Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino (KWF) in consultation with various stakeholders in Ilokano language and culture. Developed back in 2012 as a resource material for the implementation of the Department of Education's K-12 curriculum with the integration of MTB-MLE or Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education.

Bansa.org Ilokano Dictionary

Materials in Ilocano from Paradisec

Ilocano.org A project for building an online Ilokano dictionary. Also features Ilokano songs, and a community forum.

Ilokano Swadesh vocabulary list

Ilocano: Ti pagsasao ti amianan – Webpage by linguist Dr. Carl R. Galvez Rubino, author of dictionaries on Iloko and Tagalog.

Iluko.com popular Ilokano web portal featuring Ilokano songs, Iloko fiction and poetry, Ilokano riddles, and a lively Ilokano forum (Dap-ayan).

mannurat.com blog of an Ilokano fictionist and poet written in Iloko and featuring original and Iloko fiction and poetry, literary analysis and criticism focused on Ilokano Literature, and literary news about Iloko writing and writers and organization like the GUMIL (Gunglo dagiti Mannurat nga Ilokano).

samtoy.blogspot.com Yloco Blog maintained by Ilokano writers Raymundo Pascua Addun and Joel Manuel

Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database

dadapilan.com – an Iloko literature portal featuring Iloko works by Ilokano writers and forum for Iloko literary study, criticism and online workshop.

Vocabularios de la Lengua Ilocana by N.P.S. Agustin, published in 1849.

Tugot A blog maintained by Ilokano writer Jake Ilac.

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