Proto-Philippine

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Reconstructed ancestor of the Philippine languages

Proto-Philippine
Reconstruction of | Philippine languages
Region | Philippines

Reconstructed
ancestors

Proto-Austronesian

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Lower-order reconstructions

Proto-Northern Luzon

Proto-Manobo

Proto-Minahasan

Proto-Sangiric

The Proto-Philippine language is a reconstructed ancestral proto-language of the Philippine languages, a proposed subgroup of the Austronesian languages which includes all languages within the Philippines (except for the Sama–Bajaw languages) as well as those within the northern portions of Sulawesi in Indonesia.[1][2][3][4] Proto-Philippine is not directly attested to in any written work, but linguistic reconstruction by the comparative method has found regular similarities among languages that cannot be explained by coincidence or word-borrowing.

Contents

1 Classification

2 Features

2.1 Phonology

2.1.1 Llamzon's reconstruction

2.1.2 Paz' reconstruction

3 Lexicon

3.1 Animal names

3.2 Plant names

4 See also

5 References

6 Further reading

7 External links

Classification[edit]

Further information: Philippine languages § Classification

There have been three initial proposals in delineating the southern boundaries of the Philippine group: Northern Borneo in Malaysia, southern Philippines (encompassing southern Luzon all the way to Mindanao and the Sulu Sea area), and northern Sulawesi in Indonesia.[4] The earliest boundary was proposed by Esser (1938) between the Gorontalo languages and the Tomini languages of Sulawesi. While it was later found decades after (Himmelmann, 1990) that there are shared innovations between Philippine and Tomini languages, there are still uncertainties as to whether the latter do validly form one genetic group, or should be relegated as a mere geographic unit.[5] Meanwhile, Charles (1974) in particular proposed that languages in Sabah and of northern Sarawak are descendants of this Proto-Philippines,[6] which has subsequently garnered counter-evidences (Blust, 1974; Reid, 1982; Zorc, 1986). Lastly, there have been several proposals establishing southern Philippines as the boundary (Thomas & Healey, 1962; Dyen, 1965; Zorc, 1977; 1986) with the "Macro Meso-Philippine" and "Sangiric" as two primary branches.[7] Walton (1979) and McFarland (1980) included the Sama-Bajau group as the third branch, but such has been later disputed as entirely separate directly under Malayo-Polynesian.[3]

Features[edit]

Due to issues in the validity of a Philippine genetic group, and thus the existence of an ancestral Proto-Philippines language, most of its features particularly its phonology remain as proposals.

Phonology[edit]

Llamzon's reconstruction[edit]

Llamzon's (1975) proposed phonology of Proto-Philippines was derived from earlier reconstructions of Dempwolff's (1934-1938) works by Dyen (1947; 1951; 1953a; 1953b; 1953c). Used in this reconstruction were nine languages—Tagalog, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Bikol (Central?), Ilokano, Ibanag, Ifugao, and Kankanaey—with the rationale that the aforementioned have "relatively better structural description and vocabularies" than other related and geographically contiguous languages at that time.[1] While his analysis focused on attested Proto-Austronesian phonemes which were retained in this Proto-Philippines, features that were lost or merged were not highlighted.

Proto-Philippine consonants by Llamzon (1975)

| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal
| Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | Voiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Unvoiced
Nasal | | *m | *n | | | | | *ng /ŋ/ | | *q /ʔ/
Stop | *p | *b | *t | *d /d/ | *D /ɖ/ | *j /ɟ/ | *k /k/ | *g /ɡ/ | |
Affricate | | | | | | *Z /ɟʝ/ | | | |
Fricative | | | *s | | | | | | | *h /h/
Flap/Tap | | | | *r /ɾ/ | | | | | |
Trill | | | | | | | | | *R134 /ʀ/ |
Approximant | | *w /w/ | | *l | | *y /j/ | | | |

Proto-phonemes *Z and *D were restricted to medial positions, and were not retained in any of the languages.

The proto-phonemes *j and *R are not preserved as such in any Philippine language: *j became either *g or *d (e.g. *púsəj became Ilocano púsəg, Tagalog púsod), whereas *R shifted to *r (e.g. in Ilokano), *l (e.g. in Pangasinan), *g (e.g. in Tagalog) or *y (e.g. in Kapampangan).[1][4]

PPh vowels by Llamzon (1975)

| Front | Central | Back
Close | *i | | *u
Mid | | *ə |
Open | | *a |

Proto-Philippines schwa *ə often merged with other vowels (e.g. /u/ in Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray; /a/ in Ibanag, /i/ in Tagalog), but is retained in a diverse range of Philippine languages (e.g. Gaddang, Kinaray-a, Maranao, Maguindanao, Rinconada Bikol, Palawano), and in southern dialects of Ilokano.

Proto-Philippine diphthongs by Llamzon (1975)
*ay | *uy | *aw | *iw

Paz' reconstruction[edit]

Another notable proposal is by Paz (1981) who conducted a bottom-up approach by reconstructing using her own symbols.[8]

Proto-Philippine consonants by Paz (1981)

| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal
| Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | Voiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced
Nasal | | m | n | | | | | N /ŋ/ | ? /ʔ/
Stop | p | b | t | d /d/ | ḍ /ɖ/ | g̯ /ɡʲ/ | k /k/ | g /ɡ/ |
Fricative | | | s | | | | | | h /h/
Trill | | | *r | | | | | |
Approximant | | w /w/ | l̩ /l̥/ | *l | | y /j/ | | |

Paz revisits two types of proto-Austronesian L as part of her reconstruction (l, l̥), which makes it distinct from other reconstructions.

Proto-Philippine vowels by Paz (1981)

Height | Front | Central | Back | Stress
Close | i | | u | V:
Mid | | ə |
Open | | a |

In comparison to Llamzon, Paz presents five diphthongs instead.

Proto-Philippine diphthongs by Paz (1981)
ay | uy | əy | aw | iw

Lexicon[edit]

Below is a table comparing core vocabulary from modern Philippine languages in relation to the follow Proto-Philippine innovations. Note that the accented vowels (e.g. á) under Proto-Philippine indicate the stress, while q represents glottal stop.

Proto-Philippine | Tagalog | Ilokano | Kapampangan | Visayan group | Gloss
*ásu | aso | aso | asu | | dog
*baláy | bahay | balay | bale | balay | house
*bábuy | baboy | baboy | babi | baboy | pig
*baqRu | bago | baro | bayu | bag-o | new

*báqi

babae

babai

babai

babayi
bayi

woman/female

*dəkət | dikit | dekket | | dukut | adhesive/(to) stick
*dáRaq | | dara | daya | | blood
*duRúq | dugo | | | dugo
*hajək | halik | agek | | halok | (to) kiss

*ŋájan

pangalan
ngalan

nagan

ngalan

pangalan
ngalan
ngaran

name

*danúm | | danum | danum | | water

*túbiR

tubig

tubi
tubig

*laŋúy | langoy | langoy | | langoy | (to) swim
*táu | tao | tao | tau | tawo | human

Below are selected animal and plant names in Proto-Philippine from the Austronesian Comparative Dictionary.[9]

Animal names[edit]

No. | Common name | Scientific name | Proto-Philippine
9207 | fish sp., slipmouth | Leiognathus sp. | *sapsáp
10806 | kind of mackerel | Rastrelliger spp. | *tuliŋan
10964 | a sea fish, the rudderfish | Kyphosus cinerascens | *hilek
1631 | anchovy | Stolephorus spp. | *bulínaw
12682 | milkfish | Chanos chanos | *baŋús
11877 | parrot fish | Scarus spp. | *mulmúl
9819 | kind of water bird, the Oriental darter | Anhinga melanogaster | *kasíli
10671 | a bird and its call, probably the tailor bird | Orthotomus atrogularis | *tiwtiw
11077 | coconut crab | Birgus latro | *tatus
12348 | large marine mollusk | Turbo marmoratus | *RaRaŋ

Plant names[edit]

No. | Common name | Scientific name | Proto-Philippine
9369 | a flowering plant | Ixora spp. | *santán
9568 | a fruit tree, the pomelo | Citrus decumana | *suháq
2940 | a leguminous shrub | Leucaena glauca | *ipil ipil
8957 | a palm | Corypha spp. | *silaR
12394 | a plant | Acalypha spp. | *abilus
10807 | a plant | Astronia spp., Melastomataceae | *tuŋaw₂
11068 | a plant | Glochidion spp. | *anam
9810 | a plant | Impatiens balsamina | *kamantigi
6876 | a plant | Lunasia amara | *paqit-an
10007 | a plant | Sesbania grandiflora | *katúday
9565 | a plant | Solanum spp. | *sili-sili
10064 | a plant in the banana family | Musa textilis? | *qaRutay
12593 | a plant with medicinal value, probably | Blumea spp. | *qalibun
11080 | a shrub or tree | Melanolepis multiglandulosa | *álem
9651 | a shrub, the Jew's mallow | Corchorus spp., fam. Malvaceae | *salúyut
12668 | a small tree with leaves used as medicine | Citrus aurantifolia | *dayap
10265 | a tall tree | Parkia spp. | *kúpaŋ
7998 | a tree | Acalypha amentacea | *beRus
12362 | a tree | Diospyros sp. | *kanadem
947 | a tree | Diospyros spp. | *talaŋ₁
9647 | a tree | Erythrina spp. | *sabaŋ₂
10966 | a tree | Ficus sp. | *lab(e)nuR
10563 | a tree | Ficus sp. | *tebéR
11024 | a tree | Ganua obovatifolia, Sapotaceae | *piaŋa
608 | a tree | Lagerstroemia speciosa | *banabá
11756 | a tree | Mallotus lackeyi | *lamay
12325 | a tree | Myristica spp. | *lagu₂
9093 | a tree | Planchonella obovata | *banisah
9092 | a tree | Pongamia spp. | *bani₂
10722 | a tree | Prunus sp. | *taŋa₄
12392 | a tree | Shorea polysperma | *taŋíliq
11555 | a tree and its fruit, the Java plum | Syzygium cumini | *luŋ(e)búy
12198 | a tree with bark that can be used as a shampoo | Ganophyllum falcatum | *gúguq
12228 | a tree with edible fruit | Diplodiscus paniculatus | *baRubu
1208 | a tree; | Macaranga tanarius | *binuŋa
12434 | a vine | Caesalpinia bonduc | *kabit₃
10233 | a vine with gourd or cucumber-like fruit | Luffa sp.? | *kabatíti
11595 | a vine with red flower clusters, the Chinese honeysuckle | Quisqualis indica | *taluluŋ
12477 | an edible plant, swamp cabbage | Ipomoea aquatica | *taŋkuŋ
11071 | beautyberry | Callicarpa spp. | *anayup
11088 | creeping vine that grows on sandy beaches, the beach morning glory | Ipomoea pes-caprae | *balinu
11148 | hairy eggplant | Solanum ferox | *basula
10234 | kind of aromatic herb | Pogostemon cablin | *kab(e)liŋ
9922 | kind of ebony or persimmon tree with fruits that are pounded and used to stupefy fish | Diospyros spp. | *kanúmay
10312 | kind of edible squash or gourd | Lagenaria leucantha | *tabayaR
11075 | kind of tall grass | Themeda gigantea | *taŋ(e)laj
9750 | kind of wild lemon tree, possibly | Citrus hystrix | *kabuRaw
9806 | large forest tree with edible brown, hairy fruits | Diospyros discolor | *kamaguŋ
10412 | lesser yam | Dioscorea sp. | *tugíq
10885 | lima bean | Phaseolus lunatus | *patániq
2 | Manila hemp | Musa textilis | *abaká
11872 | mountain apple | Eugenia spp. | *makúpa
12657 | native spinach | Amaranthus spp. | *kulitis
11653 | Philippine cedar tree | Cedrela sp. | *kalantas
10749 | plant with leaves used as a vegetable | Talinum paniculatum or Talinum triangulare | *talínum
1854 | silk cotton tree | Ceiba pentandra | *buybuy
11145 | small tree | Morinda citrifolia? | *apatut
12468 | taro | Colocasia esculenta | *gabi
10978 | the almasiga tree | Agathis celebica | *gala
11073 | the castor bean plant | Ricinus communis | *katana
10163 | the horseradish tree | Moringa oleifera | *maruŋgay
12753 | the Philippine mahogany | Shorea or Hopea sp. | *yakál
9615 | the sappan tree | Caesalpinia sappan | *sibukaw
12361 | the seeded breadfruit tree | Artocarpus camansi | *kamansi
12253 | the seeded breadfruit tree | Artocarpus camansi | *kamansiq
10762 | tree with bright yellow fruit that has dry flesh | Lucuma nervosa | *tisaq
8970 | wild palm tree with fruit similar to areca nut | Heterospathe elata | *sagisí

See also[edit]

Proto-Austronesian language

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language

Proto-Oceanic language

Proto-Polynesian language

Philippine languages

Philippine Negrito languages

Austronesian languages

References[edit]

^ a b c Llamzon, Teodoro A. "Proto-Philippine Phonology." In: Archipel, volume 9, 1975. pp. 29-42.

^ Charles, Mathew (1974). "Problems in the Reconstruction of Proto-Philippine Phonology and the Subgrouping of the Philippine Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 13 (1/2): 457–509. doi:10.2307/3622751. JSTOR 3622751.

^ a b Zorc, R.D. (1986). "The genetic relationships of Philippine languages." In Geraghty, P., Carrington, L. and Wurm, S.A. editors, FOCAL II: Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. C-94:147-173. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1986.

^ a b c Blust, Robert (1991). "The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 30 (2): 73–129. doi:10.2307/3623084. JSTOR 3623084.

^ Himmelmann, Nikolaus (1990). "Sourcebook on Tomini-Tolitoli languages". Typescript. Department of Linguistics, University of Köln: 336.

^ Charles, Matthew (1974). "Problems in the reconstruction of Proto-Philippine phonology and the subgrouping of the Philippine languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 13: 457–509.

^ Dyen, Isidore (1965). "Language distribution and migration theory". Language. 32: 611–626.

^ Paz, Consuelo (1981). A reconstruction of Proto-Philippine phonemes and morphemes. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Linguistic Circle.

^ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (April 25, 2020). "Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition". Retrieved May 1, 2020.

Further reading[edit]

Paz, Consuelo J. The Application of the Comparative Method to Philippine Languages

Liao, Hsiu-chuan. On the Development of Comitative Verbs in Philippine Languages, Language and Linguistics, 2011.

External links[edit]

Philippine etyma file cards by R. David Zorc

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