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Batan texts with notes: Otto Scheerer.
Scheerer, Otto., American Philosophical Society. Library.

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Page  [unnumbered]UMICH PRESERVATION ID:7347637885 JRN 16'03 9:47 No.001 P.U2 AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY HELD AT PHILADELPHIA FOR PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE Edward C. Carter II Librarian March 8, 2002 Fe Susan T. Go Head, Southeast Asia Division Rm. 110-G HHGL-N The University of Michigan Library 920 North University Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Dear Ms. Susan Go, The American Philosophical Society is pleased to grant permission to convert the microfilm copy of the Philippine titles in our H.H. Bartlett Collection into a digital format. The efforts of the University of Michigan Library and the National endowment of Humanities to preserve, conserve and digitize it's Philippine collection will provide scholars with valuable resources previously difficult to access. Keep us apprised of the web project's progress, and of course, feel free to contact me should the need arise. Sincerely, RoyE. Goodman Curator of Printed Materials:.....:... -.............. i. i *.........;;.;. THE LBRARY- 105 SOUTH FPIFT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. PA 19106-3386 * (215) 440-3400 * FAX(215)440-3423

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Page  [unnumbered]. PEvror BATANA4'XTS I4SI' VVITIJ 'JLA ~vt. R. El t4r4 Uk1k 4.n AF UTU Phi ) b;1' 4

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Page  301BATAN TEXTS WITH NOTES By OTTO SCHEEER Of the University of the Philippines Batan is the name of the chief member -of that group of islands between -Luzon and Formosa which is called the Batan Islands or, in an older Spanish 'form, the Batanes. - In English literature the group is found designated as Bashi or Vashi Islands, a name bestowed upon it by Dampier and his men on their visit in 1687 on account of the liberal use made by the inhabitants of a certain beverage known all over northern Luzon as basi, a produet-of the fermented juice of sugar cane. Only three of the several islands can properly be called inhabited; namely, Batan, Sabtang, and Itbayat. The rest have-at best. a few huts of detached herdsmen or are only occasionally. visited by fishermen.__The Census of 1918 gives the group a population of 8,214 souls, distributed over six townships and nineteen barrios or outlying villages. The townships are Basco,_ _ Mahatau, Ivana, and Uyugan on Batan, Sabtang'on the island — of like'name, and Mayan on Itbayat. The capital is Basco which, as a spiritual community, is also called Santo Domingo de. _ _ Basco, while the people themselves know it as Vasay. The language of the inhabitants of Batan aind Sabtang isi fairly uniform; that is, no difficulty whatever exists in mutual s, _ comprehension, although the people of different towns allow each other certain local phonetic and lexical peculiarities. -They allude to their language as chirin nu ivatdn (that is, speech of the people of Batan) or occasionally also as inivatdn (that is, what is peculiar of the people of Bat&n). The form Batan having once come into use in Indonesian linguistics, I have retained this in the present paper. On Itbayat a dialect closely allied to Batan is spoken, of which the Batanese proper used to say that it is unintelligible to them, while they themselves are understood by those from Itbayat. I consider the differences marked enough to justify me in speaking of it as a subdialect of Batan. - 301i!

Page  302302 32The Philippine Journal of Science 1926 Of the language of the Ivat-an- people but little has come to be known so far. Of works dealing with it more or less extensively from a linguistic point of view, as also of such that use it as a means for religious instruction, a number is listed in Blake.' The majority of works published is by Spanish authors, and the Spanish orthography applied in these books to Batan does not make them a safe guide for students of Indonesian languages in general. Information on the phonology -of Batan is found in the well-known Brandstetter series, in Conant's "The pepet law in Philippine languages," 2 "The RGH law in Philippine languages,"3-and "Indonesian I in Philippine languages," 4 and in my "Ein ethnographischer Bericht ueber die Insel Botel Tobago," 5 and in my prologue tberDiccionario espanol-ibatan por varios PP. Dominicos," Manila, 1914. For grammatical notes. see Blake "Contributions to Comparative Philippine Grammar." Texts taken directly from the mouth of the people, especially from what may be called their unwritten literature, have so far been lacking. The samples here for the first time givenitiough primarily meant to supply material for linguistic studies, will afford at the same time some insight into certain customs and psychological traits of the islanders, and will show- them to.-. - possess-a certain inclination-for poetical conception engendered, -- it would appear, from their-outward circumstances of life. The natural surroundings in which the Ivatan passes his life furnish him certainly with emotions and events of sufficient in_ tensity to incite to a representation in literary style. The islands --:- - are of a geatarm, a chat-m-tgrows on the visitor as he prolongs his stay: hills and valleys and grassy uplands form an open sunny landscape rich with pastures and fields, the latter hemmed in with flowering shrubs and trees. The almost northern character of the country is offset by a few higher elevations of volcanic origin the denser vegetation of which bears witness to the tropical location. Looking out to sea, the eye rests on a fringe of madreporal shelves over which the blue waves, broken 'A bibliography of the Philippine languages, part I, p. 68, Jaos, 40, 1. Anthropos, VII, 920-947. 8 Jaos, XXXI, 70-85. 4 Jaos, XXXVI, 181-196. Mitt. d. Ges. f. N. & V. Ostasiens 11: 2. 6Jaos, XXVII, pp. 317-396.

Page  30331,8 Scheerer: Batdn Texts with Notes' 303 farther out in a line of silvery foam, come lazily rolling in to die out on a beach of fine white sand; or it follows the curving coast line to some rugged promontory with bowlder-strewn foreshore and to the wide ocean beyond. Unfortunately the islands are the theater of very frequent storms::during one half of the - year there prevail typhoons with winds from the southwest; during thie other half, fiercegales from the north and northeast, all working destruction on land and sending mighty waves from the open surging through the tiny isles. Lucky the year that passes without a boatload of people, trying to reach a neighboring island, being swept away by one of these storms, never to be heard of again. At such times the thatched roofs of the dwellings are kept from being blown away by being firmly tied downf with large nets to the massive stone walls of the houses. _For the same reason the stalks of sugar cane in the fields must be made to grow up securely bundled together in threes'or fours and on reaching a height of about two meters every four such bundles are again tied together by their crowns into a pyramidic group in order better to withstand the onslaught of the storms. The growing of rice, corn, and millet being under such conditions extremely precarious, the people rely for a staple food upon such better protected crops as yams and sweet potatoes, and even these are often washed away by the rainstorms, together with the cultivated soil from the slopes on which they are planted. The people are thus exposed to periods of starvation_ which are rendered the more serious in that for the greater part of the year all. succor from the mainland of Luzon- is cut off by the heavy -weather-out at -sea.. The people aregbood-natured, law-abiding, and.submissive. Their predilection for basi has already been mentioned. Sugar cane is planted in order to obtain, besides some muscovado and vinegar, mainly the raw material for this beverage, the name of which has been changed by the islanders since Dampier's times-perhaps for diplomatic reasons-to palek (or palaek). The chief place of its production is Basco, a locality favored by nature with a moderate extension of fertile level land, -_ and the preparation and the sale of palek form here a not unimportant branch of industry, while its consumption in general is very far from constituting a degrading tribal vice: -it is simply the beer of the hard-working IVatin people. After the day's work in the fields is done, they like to gather in friendly

Page  304,. - - ' 304 The Philippine Journal'of Science 1926 reunions in their houses where, seated on long benches around the room, they engage over a pot of this palek im animated conversation, exchanging stories and songs. Everyone present is. expected to make his contribution to the entertainment; if unable or unwilling to tell a story (mangununung) or to sing (mayladyi), he may have to redeem himself by a contribution in kind to the common stock of palek. At such occasions there are heard improvisations as well as songs handed down from ancient times. The topic of these songs appears to be mostly the social life of the clan treated with a markedly moralizing tendency. They are characterized by a veiled significance, for which they are called pinasinmo (also pinanmo);-that is, significative songs. Where this veiled speech coincides in ancient songs with "old words" of almost forgotten meaning, the sense is apt to become enigmatical to a degree that even white-haired natives, reputed authorities on their language, fail to agree on a correct interpretation, which makes translation of such songs into English a matter of considerable difficulty. Besides the songs (ladyi) sung at social gatherings and which we may compare, in a way, to those of the Tagalog balagtasan and the Bisayan kantahay, they have others, sung in chorus by field-workers or by boatmen. and called kalusan; one such will be found among the texts. The acquisition of my texts was made during a residence in those islands in 1908 and 1909. Charged with the introduction of a new political organization, I had, after a period of some agitation, the satisfaction of securing for them a provincial constitution independent from that of the far-away province of Cagayan on the mainland of Luzon whither they had previously _-... ----..-. been sending their taxesT;in exchangeI-_iad abandontoa ___ very large extent, my hopes for a detailed philological study of the people. The description of the voyage of the sailing vessel San Carlos, which forms. the main part-of the present texts, was written upon my request, by an excellent man, native of the 'township of Mahatau on Batan, of the name of Marcelino Fabro, a representative of that old Spanish culture which was brought:to the Batanes by Dominican missionaries and grafted on a preexistent-good native stock. The Ivatan, who, like others, pay spontaneous deference to men of superior ability, esteem es pecially those who have proved themselves successful leaders at sea, and there was nobody better able to forecast the weather by watching the sea break on the forelands, nobody better versed ~ in the intricate network of currents running through the islands... _

Page  30531,3 Scheerer: Batdcn Texts with Notes 305 than Fabro.6 In hiS manuscript, it is true, he shows himself as sharing the general inclination of his countrymen to make light of the forms and rules of his language; he often wavers between the speech-forms.-of the capital Basco and his own (Mahatau) localisms, nor is he always consistent in his orthography. Sooner, however, than correct these shortcomings by attempting to iestablish a standard Ivatan language, which nowhere (not even in Basco itself) exists, I have preferred to point out such differences in the notes, and have restricted myself to replacing wholly inadequate Spanish letters by symbols more in consonance with the alphabet of the International Phonetic Association. Similar remarks apply to the songs which likewise were written down by natives and translated with their-help into English, as was done with Fabro's manuscript. No accent marks being used: in any of the sources and accentuation being moreover very indistinct in the spoken language, which is of a soft and elusive intonation, special care was taken in this regard in preparing the texts, and different speakers were.closely questioned; even so, the result was not always entirely satisfactory. The weight of the voice may be said to fall as a rule on the penult; taking this as a general principle, an acutus was placed only bn accented ultimas. The necessity to indicate, by a grave accent, the peculiar abrupt pronunciation given to a final vowel before a glottal check could be established only in a very few cases; this peculiarity may, however, also occur in a number of other words. Some of the most notable inconsistencies to be found in the texts are the following: The indiscriminate use-of u and oas-of-i-and-e;inW-atare —identical - words. —This- might have been remedied by using in all such cases one definite letter, if the fluctuating spelling did not reflect an equally wavering pronunciation, a fact of the language it was considered better 6 The relation thus created between a leader and his followers is, however, found in the Batanes tempered by a markedly democratic trait. Planning an inspection of. a certain township by surprise, I once set out from Basco in' a boat rowed by some six men, the helmsman having been. given-aithe —strt a feigned destination. A few miles out at sea, the order to change the course for the town to be inspected was, however, not-so quickly complied with as expected, a consultation first taking place in which the pilot gave the rowers a chance to express themselves on the risk to be incurred by.changing the itinerary. A similar prudent consideration of the opinions of one's followers will be found also in Fabro's_ story; it may, indeed, be a characteristic Indonesian trait for a group of freemen under a leader.

Page  306306 The Philippine Journal of Science 1926 not to cover up; thus the pepet. vowel, which, according to Conant, becomes, in Batan as a rule e in a final root syllable, and a in a penultimate syllable, was heard by me in certain words, and especially after labials, as a disC tinct ce. The suffix containing the pepet is pronounced mostly -en, sometimes -in. Possibly one of these varying pronunciations may ultimately prevail for all cases; for the present no standard can be established; The apparent indifference to a fixed criterion for the use of suffix -an to denote the (real or figurative) place of action and of suffix -en for the direct object' of action, a latitude found, by the way, also in other Phil-- ippine languages; The upstaBle use made of the forms u and nu, for the article preceding the subject of the sentence. It may finally not be superfluous to state that the English of the translations given in thetexts is meant to follow the Batan wording as literally as at all possible and that it should be judged only from this point of view. VIAHE NU PANKO SAN CARLOS VOYAGE OF THE PANKO SAN CARLOS...- -Yaken, si Marcelino Fabro, I, Marcelino Fabro, relate onunungan ku u na viahe chu my voyage made in the year du awan a 1893: 1893: 1. Du vidang a dima nu Hu- 1. On the date fifth of July lio du; awan a 1893 am mina- of the year 1893 (there) came wara u vidarin namen a mahu- our favorable sailing breeze, a may a ayukayam as kuminaru soft northeaster, and we left Title. Viahe, from Span. viaje, voyage. My orthography of Batan words follows the general rule of pronunciation; namely, English con-sonants — andSpanishvowels.- -- Panko, a small sailing craft of less than twenty tons, with deck and mat sails. The pankos of the Batanes, each the common property of the people of one of the townships, and laden by them with pigs, lard, onions, and garlic, used to make one trip a year to Manila, or two to Aparri. They are manned by volunteers from among the freighters. Introduction. onunungan ku, report my, from onunung, rlate. u na viahe chu: na viahe is a sort of "perfect tense" of the noun "viahe;" compare: u na tulas ku, the letter I have written; chu (or: cho), my, from ku (or: ko) under the i- - influence of precedinge (i). - 1. vidang, number. 1893, read: asa libu kanu waho yatus kanu siam a poho kanu atdo. minaward, perfect of maward, arrive. vidarin, sailing wind; from vidad, sail; 'mamidad, make sail. ayukayam, northeast wind; other divisions of the wind rose are: N: idaud; NNW: 'ttihuara; 'NW: munmo; WNW: maidaud avayat; W: avayat; WSW: maraya avayat; SW: itaaw; SSW: paytayua

Page  307-..,s Scheerer: Batdn Texts with Notes- 307 kami du araw auri a man- that day to go on our trip to' gay du viahe du 'Aparri; am Aparri; but (it was) our bad nu marahet a palak namen am luck that met us during our rinawat namen du kayan na- presence in the Balinigtan men du Canal du Balingtan;, -Channel; for suddenly.-a state tan minaychihat u kapihoex- of calm set in. teng na. 2. As dawa nu avang am 2. And therefore the ship nayfirmi a mipaiso a mipangay kept retroceding going to the du taaw du China, am nu taaw China Sea, and the sea being am uyud a mauhas as pagchi- quite; smooth, we lowered the nen namen su bote a manga- boat to fish our bait from a mong su bedberen namen a ya- field offloating sea-grass, and pu du rawo, am du dekey a mi- after a few minutes they alwan (between) nu sumla kanu avayat; S: sumla; SSE: paytayuawan nm sumla kanu kuvi; 'SE: kkuvi,; ESE: palahanitan; E: pangaditan; ENE: paytayuawan,4urayukayam kanu pangaditan; NNE: paytayuawan nu idaud kanu ayukayam. kuminaru, perf. of kumaru, go away. mangay, go, perf. nangay; place whither one goes, angayan., rinawat, perf. of rawaten, what is received. kaydn, stay, sojourn; stem ian, idea of being in a place; yanan, abode.: minaychihat, perf. of maychihdt, what occurs suddenly. kapihcexteng, state of calhn; the wind lulls, maxteng (or: manghceteng) u salawsaw; here as farther on x stands for the voiceless velar continuant. - 2. avang, ship, in general; mayavdng, go in a ship;perf.__nayavadng; - - used in reference to navigating among the Batanes Islands; if implying a departure from the Batanes, as for Manila, the intensive form mangavang, perf. nangavang, is used. Pangavdngan, name given Luzon as place where ships go or come from. nayfirmi from Sp. firme, firm; here "continuously." - mipaiso, go backward; mipa- generally expresses "to dispose one's self to do what is expressed by the stem;" iso, backwards. mipangay, compare mipa- just explained,: and mangay given above. taaw (or: taw, with long a), the sea; Ilk. taaw, the deep sea. uyud, true, very, really. ' am, after the subject it serves for predication in the manner of our co -..- -.. copula; between clauses it appears to indicate simply the progress of the discourse, having sometimes the force of "but." pagchinen, what is put down; Basco pronounces pagtinen; perf. pinagtin; put down, gumtin, perf. gumintin.; mangamong, catch fish, from among, fish in general; perf. nangamong. bedberen, object of tying with string, especially the bait fastened to the hook; bait in general is apan. _ yapu, origin; makayapu, with following du, "from."

Page  308308 The hilippine Journal of Science 1926 nutos am mirua darn sira a ready came back to the ship / mayvidi du avang a mian su pa- with a few fishes, and we took piri among as pasakayan na- the boat aboard. The wind men daS su bote. Nu salaw- continued still in the northeast saw am mayunung pa ayuka- and we were dragging the yam as nunuyan namen-dana —ship's -'fishing tackle (through su sayrin nu avang. the water). ICHAPAT NA KA ARAW - - THE FOURTH DAY 3. Du asa ka arawam mina- 3. 6'n one day we caught four kapat kami su iu. Nu avang shaks. The ship was still - am maifirmi pa a mipaiso a ste dily going back until we namanda du kasngen namen werein proximity of theBashi du Canal Bashi am du kayan Chani"el, and when we were alnamen dana daw am minay- ready there we were startled chaknin kami du asa ka ma- one morning upon seeing that veekhas du kavuya namen su small island there, called Iami, dek6y a uri a isla abnikan su knowing that the people are rawo, floating patches of seaweed used by small fishes fcr spawning. -ekey (or: dekcey), small; also name of a small island west of Ivuhos. mirua, return, epeat; perfminirua; nom. obj. piruahen, perf. pinirua. dana, already.. '! mayvidi, return, perf. nayvidi; kapayvidi,-the return. mian, have, be, exist, dwell; mian u asa vatahen ko dimo, I have to tell you something, there is something I have to tell you. papiri.(in Basco: papqerre), few; stem: piri or pere. - pasakayan (radical saliy), what is lifted aboard a ship; we would expect the fo6rmpasakayen-(perf.pinasakay)_as objiect oflifting; which might also be used here. Compare farther on: nunuyan for nunuyen, object of dragging. sayrin, fishhook; manayrin, fishing with such. 3. -asa ka- araw, often contracted to asa karaw; ka here seems to help the numeral to presentthe objects counted as units; compare: - dadua ka vatu, two stones, etc. minakapat (from minaka-apat) kami, got four we; compare: minakasa ko, from minaka asa ako, got one-, nakadadua ka, ---got two you. iu or iyd, shark; Basco has iu or iyu. namanda, until, unto, from panda, end, limit. kasngen, from -angen, near; kasngemJ-n men, our being near. daw, from d plus aw, there. minaychaknin, perf. of maychaknin, who is startled; stem aknin, sudden. uri, that there; often contracted with preceding a to aufi, ori. isla,. Pilot Fabra shows himself here and elsewhere in possession of some knowledge of Spanish; island in Ivatan is pungsi; the island meant is Botel Tobago.

Page  309eV I 19% A P a 0 4 -t )1 31,8 'Scheerer: lBatan fami a mapanmu namen a dyiasarayan a tao, as du kuanasaori am mavuya namen pa u asa ka isla a uyud a makarang a mavawa pa, as nu kakarangan na u chinakalu namen a makavuya sia. 4. Du makuyab nu nakavuya namen su isla siraya am nairaya kami du asaori du isla abnikan su Iami. Minapnu kami nu — kamunu tao a matda du isla aori du kadekey nu sakayai namen a maparin da a pisarasarayan; am angu u parinen namen du masngen dana u kadiman namen nu kawau, as du kapipamahep na am chi' nanitan ku pava a pagchinen r ' J rexts with. Notes 309 not to be trusted and after a short while we saw another island, very high, and yet far away; -and (it was only) its height made -it so early visible to us. 4. In the afternoon of (the day of)-our-sighting these islands we were nearer the shore of that one island called Iami. We were filled with fear of the people living on that island because of the smallness of our ship which they could damage; but what were we to do, being almost dead with thirst; still, when night fell, I did not yet dare to lower 'the boba for abnikan, radical abnik (benek?), idea of naming. mapanmu, know, radical anmu, signification. dyiasarayan, negative (dyi=not) of a positive kasarayan, who is trusted; dyi is the palatalized Mahatau pronunciation of Basco di; in the present text both forms occur, mostly prefixed to the following word. kuanasaori, idiom for: shortly afterwards, also for: meanwhile. chinakalu, perf. of ichakalu, what causes hurry; kalu, quick; Angu u ichakalu mo? What puts you in a hurry? Text says literally: "and th-eightause-of-our being quick in perceiving it." Evidently Formosa is meant. 4. siraya, from sira (they) and aya (this); sira is often used to denote plurality. nayraya, perf. of mayraya or mayaraya, goirtg to shore. kamu, fear; mamu, one afraid; radical amu. matdd, dweller; katdaan, dwelling place; radical tidd, Tag. tird.maparin, possible; makaparin, able to do; kapakapamorriu, power. pisarasarayan, from saray, damiige. angu, what?; also: thing, as in angu-angu, possessions (es pcally gold and sirver): angu uri? what is that? pariien, object of doing; cf. maparin above. kadiman, death, from diman, idea of dead. kapipamahep, the setting in of night, from ahep, night; similarly: kapisarisari, dusk, from sari, dark. chinanitan, perf. of kaiitan, daring; makanit, who dares. In Basco: makandt, kanitan, etc; radical aiiit (anit), acting by one's self. pava, from pa, yet, plus ava, not.

Page  310-.. 0 I qrq r.310 The Philippine J u bote a muranim, as pinatanggalan ku na sira su grumetes du kagchin da anu kapisexsexdang na a~nanita su ranum. du tana aori-a di namen pa chinakaran. 5. Du kamahep dana ori am nakaichex akuava a namanda du kamaraw. As misexsexdang dana am talamarin namen -u tana am maidaud kami du nakapipakaha nu ries, as nu salawsaw-am mayunung pa as pakaichex ku su dekey am du kuanasaori am vatahen da u kaya-n da nu sakayan a makahaud a mipangay dyamen, as du nakaknin ku du horas aori am nanieng a mitatayatto u ka - -. I, I. lO urnca oJ Aiczence -926 fetching water and (only) instructed the sailors as to their going down at daybreak to look for water on that land not yet trodden by us. 5. That night I did not go to sleep until daylight. When daylight began to- appear, we looked out to the land and (found) we were far out to sea as the current had become slack, and as the wind was still steady, I was enabled to sleep a little, but after a short while -they -od me of there being boats setting out from the shore and being about to come towards us, and from the con muranum, -an "intentionalis" from ranm.,- water: going for water. - pinatanggalan, perf. of patanggalan; radical tanggal advise in advance, prepare. grumete, Span. for "young sailor.'" kapisexsexdang, dawning of day; sexdang, splendor, irradiance. manita, who seeks; chitahen, object of seeking; radical chita. tana, land, soil, earth. chinakaran, perf. of kakaran, place trodden on. 5. nakaiche'x, perf. of makaichex, go to sleep. akuava, from aku, I, plus ava, not. misexsexdang, getting light; masexdang dand u araw, the sun is already shining; Tag. sumilang, rising of sun, moon, or stars; silangan, the orient. talamarin, object of spying out; radical talamad. maidaud, being far out in-the open sea; cf. idaud, north wind. nakapipakaha, radical kaha, weak. ties (riyes), current; the two chief currents setting through the Batanes are one from northwest — to southeast, known as isdk, and one in the opposite direction, called amteng; they coincide and change with the tides. vatahen, obj. of saying, perf., vinata; makavata, say. makahaud, setting outfrom the shore. horas (Span.), hours, here: time. nafiieng, suddenly (Basco: nanieng). mitatayatto (Fabro's spelling) u kalangangan 7ku, literally: my stomach rising strongly. Compare: Makatayato ava, He makes no

Page  31131, Scheerer: Batdn Texts with Notes 311 langangan ku a malakam nira sternation I felt at that time nu dyinamen pa siraya a na- suddenly my heart leapt into vuya. -. my mouth from a violent fear of those whom we had never seen before. 6. Du katalamad namen su 6. On closely observing them sakayan sira ori am tatdo sira (we found that) these boats kasakayan am nu asa dira am were three and one of them miniirua a mayvidi am kayan turned to go back, and we were nu kauyud namren a mamu, ta truly, alarmed because, we du kaidaud namen as kapaka- being so far out at sea, their flit da a rumanun dyiamen am- daring in coming out to us chinanggal namen-u kaheyet da- forewarned us as to their kanu kanaub nu vuho da as ka- strength and sufficiency of panmu namen pa su nanma ka- arms, and we knew besides niiamen a nangay daw a nfidi- (that) those who had before man da as kahap da su ichakey us gone there had been killed da du avang aori. by them and they had taken whatever they wanted from that boat. effort; nakatayatb dana u araw, the sun has -already risen and is burning hot. malakdm, most often used to express strong desire, but applicable also to other strong affections, as, in this instance, violent fear.' 6. miiirua, Mahatau pronunciation of Basco minirua, perf. of mirua (under). kauyud, truth, genuineness, of uyud (see under 2). kaidaud,bein far outat-sea;- cf.maidaud-under-5. kapakanit, daring; cf. chinanitan under 4. rumanun, radical ranun, idea of proceeding to another place. chinaggal, perf. of tanggalen, that which is told to somebody in advance; cf. pinatanggalan under 4. Note t Changing before i to ch. kaheyet, strength; also the form kayit is found: kayeten u kuman, a glutton; ichait mo u dima, press the hand; radical ait (ayit). kanu, and; probably kan plus an enclitic u. kanaub, sufficiency; manaub, sufficiet vuh6, vuhu, arms of any kind; mayvuhu, arm one's self. kapanmu, cf. mapanmu under 3. nanma, from nanuma, what is first. kaniamen, from kan plus iamen, here: "than we." daw (d plus aw), inor to that place, there. -nidiman- (Basco: nidiman), perf. of- dimanen, object of killing. kahap, radical ahap; manghap, take; ahapen, object of taking. ichakey, object of desire.

Page  312312 The Philippine Journal of Science 1926 7. As dawa naori u pinakayapuan nu kavata ku sia dyira du atavu a kasakay cho umunot aya: (1) "Nu manumma a parinien nio am nu kapakaru nio sia du lakasan u ahahawen iio a ichahuhu da, akma su pulak, vuhawan, anmana angu pa a bayuan nio as kapangay nio sia du dyinahahawa a yanan nu bayuan. (2) "Nu mapeyya ayuayub, nio a maidak am unayen iio tapianu dyida sinchad u kaivatan ta a mapanmu da abu su vuho. (3) "Nu katanggal fio su. 7. And from that (came) the inducement of my addressing to them, to all my shipmates, this the following: (1) "The first thing to be done by you is to take out of the chests the objects you suspect to be desired by them, such as silver, gold, or whatever you would be sorry to lose and to put it in a place not suspected (of the presence) of objects it would be a pity to logse. (2) "Your best white clothes will be put on by you in orderthat they may not recognize our being Batanes whom they know-. to be without arms. (3) "Prepare wooden clubs 7. pinakayapuan, radical yapu, origin; Yapu ka dinu? From. where you? kavata,. cf. vatahen under 5. kapakaru, cause to get out. lakasan, chest, box; cf. Ilk. lakasa, same meaning, probably fr. Sp. ia caja. ahahawen, object of judging, believing, suspecting; perf. inahahaw; one who judges, etc.,r-an-gahaw. — - _ichahuhu (ichahoho), object of desire, perf. chinahuhu; alternative form: ihuhu, perf. nihuhu; one who desires, mahuhu, perf. nahuhu. akma, used in comparison: as,-like, similar to. bayuan, radical bayz; pity felt over what can be, or is, lost; hence bayuan object of such pity. dyinahahawa, from dyi plus nahahawa, unsuspected. yanan, cf. kayan under 1. mapeyya, best; mapia, good; mapipia, better. maidak, white; synon. marelak; of persons: maray, madadas. unayen, object of putting on in dressing; mangunay, dress one's self. sinchad, radical of masinchad, know, recognize; Angu kasincharan mo diaken? How do you know me? katafggal, cf. pinatanggalan under 4, and chinanggal under 6; note the abundant use made of abstract nouns with prefix ka-, especially _the nomina actionis (.with perf. in china-); cf. under 1: kayan, kapihaexteng; under 3: kasngen, kakarangani; under 4: kadekey, kadiman, kagchin; under 5: kamahep, kamdraw; under 6: katalamad, kaidaud, kaheyet, kanaub, kapanmu,- kahap; under 7: kazata, kapakartu, kapangay, kaivatan, and many others to follow.

Page  31331, 8 Scheerer: Batdn Texts with Notes 313 vuh6 nio a kayo a dimipanaru kanu atdo a rangan, lukoy, kanu kapatuaw su vatu a lastre a maparin a irarayaw sa sakayan da anu iwarahet u parifien da. 8. (4) 'Piahen sirava a sumakay du avang aya, as anu sumakay sira am inulay nu Dios u kapandiman ta. (5) "Arava u mandiman anu dichu pa a vinata kanu andyipa inahes dyiaken ta Cristiano ta." Katavuan namen a tao nu avang am atdo poho kanu-asa. Minaychatdo u tao nu avang; nu asa poho am pachunungan da u avang du atavu a mayanung a parifien; akma su kapaibira, as kanu -kadduan pa. Nu rua poho am micharua a mayviit du siri abu su pasakayen. not longer than three spans, cleavers, and fetch stones from the ballast capable of smashing their boats if their acts (were) bad. 8. (4) "They are not permitted to ceme on board this ship, and if they come on board, it will be permitted by God that we kill (them). (5) "Let there be none thatkills before I have said so and (the question has been) referred to me, for we are Christians." T total number of us men -on board the ship was thirty-one. The men of the ship were divided in three parts: ten were to look after the vessel regarding: all necessary work, such as the turning the ship about and other things. The (other) twenty men were to divide in two parts and to go to the sides (of -he ship — to. see- that these were) not to be ascended. ell, 1 -1 '.. - dimipdnaru, radical dnaru, long. 8. piahen, what is allowed, sanctioned; from radical pia, idea of good; cf. mapeyya under 7. sirava, from sira plus ava, they not. inulay, what is tolerated; radical ulay, idea of will. kapandiman, homicide, slaughter. ta, inclusive form of pers. and poss. pronoun of the first pers. pi. dichu, from di, not, and chu, my. andyipa, from anu + dyi (di) + pa, if not yet. inahes, perf. of iahes, object of inquiry. katavuan, from atavu, all.. minaychatdo, perf. of maychatdo, being divided into three parts; kaor icha- before cardinals makes ordinals (u ichasa, the first, etc.) and may- or mi- before these expresses a division into so many parts as the cardinal denotes: michatdo u takey aya, this field is divided in three parts. 221483 ---4 -

Page  314o The Philippine Journal of Science 314' - 1926 9. Du katayuka na naori inahes ku dira anu mayunu aku a manyuku-yukud da a akmay marahet u parifien. dyiamen, anmana mian pa mipapia pa kafiiaken a mal rin abneken a machitadi: vinata da u kapayunung ku manyukuyukud da; as dai naori u vinatan ku sia dira umunot aya: (1) "Du kayapu na dyif nu masaray fiiaken du akma sia a kavaklan ta am arava dyinianuhed du atavu a val hen du dyifiio. (2) "Mitavu ta a makey maviayam anu Sinu u mavu am 9. At the' conclusion of this ing I inquired from them if I was fnu to continue commanding them da' if any injury (should be done) u by them to us, or if there were pa- one better than I, whom they Im might appoint as (my) subi a stitute: their declaration was wa (for) my continuance as their,u commander; and, upon this, what I told them was the following: iio (1) "Since you have confiya dence in me in these straits of U ours, let there be none who does ta- not obey everything I tell you. a (2) "We all of us wish to live, ya and if one is seen by me who pachunungan, from unung, idea of caring for something. mayanung, being convenient. kapaibira, radical bira, probably from Sp. virar, to tack. mayviit du sir, appears redundant, since mayviit is "to go to the - side" and siri, side. 9. mayunung, remain, continue; cf. under 5: nu salawsaw am mayunung pa. — mipapia, one who improves; here "one who surpasses me;" cf. piahen...,_ under 8. marahet u parinen da, lit. bad the deeds their. abneken, what or who is appointed; mamnek, who names; cf. abnikan under 3. machitadi, radical tadi, idea of relieving. vinata, perf. of vatahen, what is said. vinatdn (second a long), perf. of vatan (vata plus suffix -an),_same meaning as vatahen. kavaklan, radical vakel, trouble, difficulty. dyiiianuhed, from di + nia + anuhed, lit. "not-his-obedience." mitavu, from atavu, all. Prefix mir in Ivatan appears to bring the sense of the radical in still closer connection with the carrier of the predication than is generally the case with affix um with which mi- may be related. makey, one desirous. mavuya ku, object-of my seeing.

Page  31531, 3 Scheerer: Batdn Texts with Notes ( 315 ku a umiso du contra as pakasakayan da u sinmu na am yaken u rumanis a umdiman sia du horas auri." 10. Du kavuya ku su kapan-. havas ni kapaw kanu kamu.. ---namen atavu am miparakdx 'u kamu ku, tanu kaduan dyiamen am makapaidyiwadyiway pava du kapanghavas nu kamu, asvatan ku..sia dira u kadyi da amuan ta du kavuya su sakayan da a mipadekey kanu sakayan namen am katadkan nu sumayap dira, as nu dyinayap, am mitavu-sira a manahan du ngalab a mauhamek a talahen..u tumanggal sira. "Aranu mian dyiaten u rakux a kamu recedes before the enemy, and gives cause to their invading (lit. 'mounting') his assigned post, I personally shallil l him at that time." 10. Upon my seeing the excessive despondency and fear in all our midst (lit. "of all of us"), my alarm increased and some of us were motionless with excess of fright, but I told them that they be not afraid for, evidently, their ships were small against our ship so that, unless they (could) fly-and (they surely) could not fly-__ _ all of those that passed the gunwale would be easy to be caught by him who was prepared for: them. "Although there is umiso, cf. mipaiso under 2. contra, Sp. "against;" accepted in.Ivatan as meaning "enemy." sinmu, cf. mapanmu under 3. rumanis, who acts personally; radical ranis. horas, time-; from Sp. hora, hour. 10. kapanhavas, radical havas, idea of exceeding. kapaw, dejectedness; radical apaw. miparakzix, radical rakux, great; Ilk. dakel, same meaning. makapaidyiwadyiway, radical dgiway, idea of moving. pava, from pa + ava, no more. u kadyi da amuan: u seems to have, here as in other instances, the force of introducing a succession of words as one whole object of thought, this being moreover rendered 'possible by prefix ka-, of kadyi, and suffix -an of amuan, comprehending dyi da amu into. a sort of abstract expression: "their being without fear." ta, because. katadkan, excepting; radical tarek, idea of distinction.; cf.-Patadkin mo sira, Put them apart; Pinatarek ku na, I have already put them apart. maanahan, one who passes through a door, street, etc.; from rahan, way. ngalab, edge, sharp edge of a knife; in ships: the gunwale. mauhamek, what is easy. talahen, what is caught (with the' hands, etc.) from afar; radical tala. aranu, although.

Page  316316 The Philippine Jc am ipavuya tava u kamu as parifien ta u kkmay dyinanggalan sira kanu kadyinangan niraas nu ravel am patuawen nio as kapaysunata nio, as ifiio a kahenakan am micanci6n kamu." 11. Du kachidib namen dyira du sakayan auri. am mipasngen -dana sira, as patuawan da su Vodiadong as kalup da dyia su minaypisa am naniieng sira maywayan u dadua ori a kasakayan su dekey as nu asa dyira am navidin pa a maiwayam, as nu asa am kuminatuvu a mipangay dyiamen. u kakmay dyinanggalan sira, "a them;" cf. above: u kadyi da kadyinangdn, from ka-dinangd-an, murnal of Science 1926 among us great fear,' we (must) not show the fear, but act like not preparing for them and not paying attention to them; and bring out the violin and play some sonatas, and you, young fellows, you sing." 11. Upon our seeing those in the boats coming nearer, they [that is,.our crew] brought out the vodiadong and blew it once, when of a sudden the two boats stopped a little, though only one of -them remained tarrying, while the other proceeded coming towards u~. manner of unconcernedness as to amuan. -; dinanga, not pay attention, from di (not) and a radical sangd, having probably the original meaning of "branch;" cf. -apasangd, be able to do something for not being impeded by other occupations; dina pasangd, can not do it; dina yakin sinangd, he paid no heed to me. ravel, from Sp. rabel, a kind of small violin. patuawen, what is caused to come forth; radical tuaw, idea of issuing. kahenakan (or kah6enakan), a collective form of kanakan, young -_ peOpleP. _ micancion, from Sp. cancion, song. 11. kachidib, radical tidib, idea of looking; tibi pa! (or tib pa!), look at it! tiban, what is looked at. patuawan, used here alternately with patuawen (q. v. under 10); there seems to exist in Ivatan speech a certain indifference as to the use of derivatives in -en or -an. vodiadong, a big conical shell, about a foot long, used as a horn for calling people to a'semble. maywayam, who is chatting without accomplishing anything. kuminatuvu, perf. of kumatuvu; kumatuvu ka! Pass on! the formula used to invite somebody into the house: "Come in!"

Page  31711 1~ 0 31,8 Scheerer: Batdn DU KAWARA DA DU AVANG ICHADIMA KA ARAW 12. Du nakapakarapit darana du avang am pakapian namen dana dyira su Dios nu chirin nu espafiol kanu tagalog am chinbai dava. Kahes da nia anu iangu kami, nu chirin da am mapanmuiu rayarayay na ta machitbin du chirin nu ivatan. Nu chinbay namen am: "Tagalog kami." Nu vinata da: "Iami kami." Du kuanasaori am mapatuaw sira su asa ka tavayay a ranim. Yamen a taytoo a mapnu nu kawaw am vinata namen u kaskex namen nia kanu kapilenlen namen. A Texts with Notes 317 AT THEIR ARRIVAL AT THE SHIP THE FIFTH DAY 12. When they had arrived at the ship, they were greeted by us with God's cheer in Spanish and Tagalog, but there was no answer from them. They asked what people we were, in their language, and we understood parts of it, for (it was) similar to the speech of the people of Batin. Our answer was: "We are Tagalog." They said: "We are iami." Meanwhile they had brought forth a calabash of water. We were very -thirsty, yet we expressed our refusal of it and shook our heads. 12. nakapakarapit, radical rapit, idea of arriving, nearing. pakapian, radical pia, good; the ordinary greeting in the Batanes is Kapian ka nu Dios! about: The gracetof God to you! chinbay (in Basco: tinbay), perf. of atbayen, what is answered; turnbay, one who answers; radical atbay. dava, from da, their, plus ava, not. kahes, radical ahes, idea of asking. - iangu, from angu, at4 with tribal prefix i-. rayarayay,.radical rayay (Basco: dayay), part; kahaerayay, companion in going somewhere. -machittb-i, saidoTf things wlich lack little to be equal; possibly from radical tidib, cf. kachidib under 11. taytoo, idea of finding one's self, of being. This idea finds expression likewise by are (ara) and mian: "It is here" may be are, mian, or too dia. mnapnu nu kawaw, lit. "full of thirst." kask6x (kaskoex), radical askex, idea of unwillingness. kanu, and; also kan occurs; these are used between common nouns, as in inapuy kan (or kanu) among, rice and fish, or to connect sentences as above. At the beginning of a sentence mostly as is used: cf. As dawa etc. at the beginning of paragraph 2. Sometimes as kanu is said. Between personal names kani is found: Peter and John, si Pedro kani (or kan) Huan. kapilenlen, radical lenlen (linlin), idea of shaking (the head).

Page  318318 - The Philippine Journal of Science i926 --- 13.-Nu kapatalamad su ichaskex am chingp6ex da u taydidekey dana naluto nu ranum du angaangang sira uri as kapayadis da sia du asa ka dyidiaw as katurux da iia dyiaken as inuman ku dyia as kapabukbuk ku na su rayay na a mabuya da; am nauri u pinabhesan darana su 'ranuim auri. Minakalu u kapatuaw da su fiioy a iturux dyiamen am ichakey namen ava. Vatan ku su kapatuaw da su nfioy a masadit as mian pa u vonut a mauhamek as patuawan da sia a ipavuya sira, am nauri u pinabhesan darana sia. 14. Nu maday du patuawen da sira ori am vatahen da: 13. In demonstration of (our) unwillingness they —[that is, our crew] gathered the very few drops of water in all those pots and filled them into a bottle and gave this to me, and I drank it, and part of it I spilt before their eyes, and this made them cease (offering us) that water. Promptly they brought forth -coconuts to give to us, T but we did not want them (either). I told (our men that) they bring out some coconuts (of ours), but these were difficult (to get at), and as there were also husks-of coconuts and these were handy, they brought them out to show them, and that caused them (the Iami) to desist. 14. With each object of those brought -forth by them they IrJ K ~ 13. chingpex, perf. of akpcexen, what is gathered together, joined; kakpcxan, congregation. naluto, drop, stated to be a Mahatau localism for thenmore geneal nayeteng of same meaning. - angang, large waterpot; angaangang, a number of such; as here, plurality of articles finds often expression by reduplication minus the last sound: cf. ayuayub (7), rayarayay (12), kani-kanen (15). kapayadis, radical adis, idea of filling over liquids. dyidiaw (Basco: didiaw), bottle.. - -- katuruzx, radical turux, idea of giving. s _ kapabukbuk, radical bukbuk, idea of upsetting; Pabukbuken mo! Upset - it! pinabhesan, radical abhes, idea of ceasing. masadit, what is difficult; contrary of maukamak (cf. under 10), what is easy. The nuts were probably stowed away where they could not be got at without a sailor leaving his post for some time. vonut, the fibroushusk of the coconut. 14. maday du patuawen, each of the brought out objects; maday du tao, each person; also mangday occurs: mangday su vuhan, every month.. -.

Page  31931, 3 Scheererr: Bata'n, Texts with Notes 319 "Ie!" du katurux da ilia dyiamen u angu siraya mitutuaw, am isanga da sirava-nu kaduan aya dyiamen ta mayfirme sira maycanci6n kanu kapayravel da. Tayuka sira ori am mirua -'sira a mapatuaw su among a you am minakalu u kapatuaw namen su among a you ta minadpon pa u pawpaw namen a you. As du kavuya da sia am nafiieng da a pabhesen, as kapatuaw da su vinivex,. kanu bilaw, am arava dyiamen, as pavuya namen dyira u tayunkad nu kaskex namen niia. 15. Nu nadpon sira ori a kanikanen a iturux da dyiamen am arava u pakayapuan nu kaskex namen fiia as rakuix u katanggal namen sia a ichamu said: "Ie!" in handing out to us these things as they came out, but no heed was paid them by the rest of us who went on singing and playing violin. When those (things) were finished, they yet brought out shark-fish, but quickly we too got out shark, for we had still plenty of sun-dried shark. And upon seeing this they at once desisted and got out bananas and winnowing baskets which we had not, but we showed them signs of our unwillingness regarding them. 15. As to those plentiful provisions which they offered to us, there was no (other) reason for our dislike for them bt- our great preoccupation ie, evidently an interjection accompanying the exhibition of objects, -equivalent to Ivatan: Tiya! Inibaloy: lay! French Voici! angu, thing; see under 4. isangd, cf. kadyinangdn under-10. - kadduan, the other one, or ones; cf. mirua under 2. Ilk. kadud companion. mayfirme, cf. nay irme under 2.tayuka, term expressing the idea of finished in general. you, another spelling of iz or iyvshark (see under 3). minadpon, stem adpun (also apon), idea of accumulation, plenty: nadpun a manumanuk, a flock of birds. pawpaw, name for the operation of cutting 'open and spreading out a fish for sun-drying. vinivex (or: vinivcex), general name for bananas; tul (long u) nu vifiivex, banana shoot; a special kind of banana is soten (or: suten), strips of the leaves of which give material for different articles of primitive dress comprised under the name of sut (long u); cf. Tag. suot, dress. - tayunkad, sign; what bears a sign: matayunkad; what is to be signed: tayunkaran. 15. kanikanen, provisions, eatables. pakayapuan, motive; radical yapu, origin. katanggal, radical tanggal, idea of anticipating, preparing; cf. under 4. ichamu, cf. kamu under 4.

Page  320- 9 -V eV0 0 Ir — I - p " - 320 The Philippine J< anu nauri u pakayapuan nu rarahan da a sumakay dyiamen anmana mian pinangay da a veneno. Sichanguriaw am mangdaw danA sira su pinuspus a kedked da am makaktu kami ava. Du kadi namen a makaktuan dyira su pinuspus am nauri u tungduhen -da a ichakey a panghapan u vidad -(lona) kanu kapanahes da su pulak am arava u chinurux namen dyira. Du kabu nu maktu namen dyira du ichahoho da ya am kuminaru sira a mangay du rarayay da ori. 16. Du nakarahan nanaori am vinata ku dyira du kasakay chu sira ori: "Taori, sira c )urnat oJf science 1926 which made us fear that these (articles) be but a way for their coming on board, or that poison had been put into them. Presently they asked us for ropes to make fast (their boats, to our ship) but we did not consent. Upon our-not granting them the ropes they showed, by pointing their fingers, the desire to obtain the sail (of our ship which was of canvas) and they asked for silver, but nothing was given them by us. Nothing being granted them by us of their desires, they went away to their companions.. 416. This having passed, I said to my shipmates: "Look there,- they are gone, but we rarahan, way, road, here: pretext. sumakay, cf. pasakayan under 2. pinangay, perf. of pangay, radical angay, -idea of going. - veneno, (Sp.) poison. sichanguriaw (or: sichangu' yaya), now at once. mangdaw, term for begging if doxie among equals. ppi nusius, rope; radical puspus, idea of twisting. kedked, idea of tying one thing to another.. makaktuan (makaktu, maktu), radical aktu, idea of granting a request. For the force of "Du ka.." introducing the phrase "di namen a makaktuan" ("not our granting") cf. "u kadyi da amuan" under 10. tungduhen, radical tungdi, idea of indicating by pointing the finger. panghapan, radical ahap, idea of seizing, taking. Iona, Sp., canvas. kapanahes, radical ahes, idea of begging.pulak, silver. Cf. my paper "Ein ethnogr. Bericht ueber Botel Tobago" (p. 187) anent the value put by these islanders on silver. ichahoho, radical hoho, idea of desiring. kabu, from ka + abu, there is not. Cf. under makaktuan above. rarayay, see rayarayay under 12. 16. nakarahan, with preceding du and-following nanaori this phrase may have come to be accepted as equivalent to our "thereupon;" I have translated it more literally; stem probably rahan, way.

Page  32131, 3 Scheerer: Batdn Texts with Notes 321 kuminaru am masarasaray ta — va as talamarin ta sira, ta mapia anu ara siranchi a makaraya dana am anu ara da sira iangay a tawagan u raray da ori, am marahet anchL u parinien da naori as kanatunan na anu mahoerayay sira a mipaye dyiaten as kapaisiay danchi a mayviit du avang aya, ta dyihammo u -kaiyan nu ichakey da a parifien a marahet dyiaten." 17. Naori am dekey u nakapisisirin da as kapirua darana a mayvidi a nayrayay a mipayi dyiamen as mavawavawa pa sira am maysiay dana sira a mayviit anchi du sakayan namen. ".Du kataytoo da a minarin su chinanggal tv a umanam a parinien da am ifio a ruapoho am micharua kamo a must not be confident and must observe them, for well they may be going ashore hereafter, yet, if they are going to call their. companions there, bad will afterwards be their deeds, and especially so, if they go together in coming towards- us and then separate so as to go to both sides of this vessel,- for — there exists certainly the wish to do evil to us." 17. (As for) those (islanders) they. had some little talk and at once they again returned keeping together as they came towards us, and when they were yet a little distant, they separated so as to go then to both sides of our ship. "Since they yre doing what we expected to be their future acts, you dyira du kasakay chu sira ori, lit. "to them, to my shipmates they there." No attempt is made by me to render in the English text the abundant use made of demonstrative particles in Ivatan. taori, look there! Cf. Tiya! Look at this! Tauri cdaw! There it is! Tauri did! Look, here it is! etc. -msarasaray, one who trusts. tava, from ta, we (incl.)-pl-us-~va,-not. --- —-—. —___. mapia anu, good if. siranchi from sira, they, plus anchi (Basco: anti), afterwards. makaraya, cf. nayraya under 4. kanatunan na, especially; possibly from a radical atu, cf. Tag. umato, make up one's mind. mipaye, radical ai (pron. a-i), idea of coming; derivatives of this radical are written in the Batanes generally with y for express — ing the glide from a to i, and often with final e for i: mayi kaye, kakaiyan, etc.:Jsapaisiay, act of separating; radical siay. danchi, from da, their, and anchi, afterwards, then. dyihammo, certainly; an alternative form is dinghamu. kaiyan (kaian, kayan); existence; stem iyan or ian, idea of being in a place; Mian daw si Pedro? Is Pedro there? Ara dinu u ianan nu vahay mo? Where is the location of your house? Cf. kayan under 1.

Page  322322 The Philippine Jc mangay du binenek kaichi a lugar io. Sira u grumetes am natalangpus dana sira du siri nu avang a malit su kavawavawa a mipondan d';garrote a dyida vuya nu contra." nurnal of Science 1926 i I 18. Du nakawara darana am mavuyvux a pinarin da u kapachinadnad da du avang a tumidib du pakasakayan da, as du kabu nu mavuya da a pakasakayan am naori u vinata da u kapakaraya namen ta arava u manamsam, manulib, as lianu katungdo da su hanit. Nu vinata nu asa dyira am: "Makaraya kamu ta mian sira u bagu, manuk kanu kaddin." Nu mavuya a chinaru da am nu kavuya da su katanggal sira twenty go back to your previously assigned stations. The young sailors are to stand in file at the side of the ship at equal distances and carrying a club in their hand that must not -be seen by the enemy." 18. When they had arrived, the only thing they did was to be close to the ship looking for a means of coming on board; and when they 'did not see the possibility to come on board, they said that we should come on shore for there were no pillagers, sorcerers, and they pointed with the finger to heaven. The words of one of them were:: "Come you to the shore for there are pigs, chicken, and goats." What was 17. nakapisisirin, radical sirin, idea of speaking; sirin is used only joined -._ to affixes, while the synonymous form chirin occurs also alone. mavawavawa, radical vawa, idea of distance. kataytoo, cf. taytoo under 12.. -- ~-umanam, probably prefix um before a radical anam which appears to refer to "what is yet to come," as well as to "what is anterior" to such coming event; cf. Too pa manam, it is yet to come; kanam nuk auyabo,-before-supper. ---..... - _____..... __ _.binenek (or binmek), perf. of abneken, objecteif-naming; cf. abneken under 9. kaichi (or kaiti), before, previously. lugar (Span.), place. nqtalangpis, arranged in file. malit, radical alit; idea of being equal. -— mipondan, who carries something in the hand. garrote (Span.), cudgel, bat. 18. nakaward, cf. minaward under 1. mavuyvux, single, sole. kapachinadnad, cf. machinadnad, being so close to one another as to touch each other. kabu, see under 15. manamsam, radical samsam, idea of pillaging. manulib, sorcerer, poisoner;, cf. masulib, wise, clever. as kantu, cf. kanu under 12. ---

Page  32331,3 Scheerer: Bata nTexts with-Notes 832 ta sira u grumetes a machunong auri du sakayan a piparaparawatan da u rarakuix sira a vatu a pasapaten du palapala. 19. KAPARIIIAN NU SAKAYAN KANU TAO Nu sakayan am akmay falua su karakuirakuix a maisamorong a matarem as kani makarang W -. su lachid a mafiima du pafivichivan, machideb du regala nu pontin. Nu mian pa a huran da am kayu a mintid a chinarin kanu vatu a akmay valachinuk su karakuirakuix. Sira u tao am arava u laylay da as seen to be the motive of their going away Was when they saw the preparations for them, because the sailors who guarded the ship passed from hand to hand big stones to-be put on thegunwale of the vessel. 19. THE MAKE-UP OF THE BOATS AND THE MEN The vessels are like a falua in size, both extremities sharp and with- high (stem and stern-) posts which rise over the waist (of the boat) and equal in height the gunwale of the pontin. The cargo which they also had were sticks, each sharply pointed, and stones of the size of a valachinuk. The men had haiit, sky, heaven. On the religious beliefs of —the islanders of Botel Tobago see my paper cited under 15. sira u bagu and the following su katanggal sira, sira u grumetes show the use of sira for indicating the plural. chinaru, perf. of icharu, motive of going away. machunong, who takes care of something. piparaparawatan, radical rawat, idea of putting something into another's hand and thus serving him. pasapaten, radicalsapat, idea of-putting-one -thing upon another. -palapaia;l-the general meaning is that of an horizontal espalier for training vines; here perhaps some spars attached to the gunwale of the ship. 19. kaparinian; radical parin, idea of making. falua Span., name given in the Batanes, as elsewhere, to open boats of European build for rowing and sailing. maisamorong (maisamurong); radical morong, extremity, specifically stem and stern end of boats; kasamorong, one extremity; isamorong, inhabitant of one of the outlying villages. makarang; radical karang, idea of high. lachid, the stem and stern-posts of a vessel. maiima (manima), what juts out. -pami'chivan-,-waist of a vessel. machideb, what is equal in height. regala -nu' pontin; regala (Span.), gunwale; pontin, term used by Spaniards and natives in the Philippines to designate a small sailing vessel, of more or less European build and rig, engaged -in interinsular trade. - Here the same as panko, q. v. under Title. S

Page  324324 The Philippine Journal of Science 1926 machivuyvux u sagut da as nu gUud da am akinay chintib a nloy kanu kayan nu savadi da a pachipungan nu sinuhut da a dedekey a malialit. Nu vidang d-a nu dadua auri a kasakayan am ruapoho kanu asa su kapahad o katao. 20. Nu makuyab nu nakapachisiay darana dyiamen nu Iami auri am naywayam kami pa su dekey makayanot du karakux nu kavakel ko nu kabu dana nu ranum namen am pinahes ko sira u kasakay chu sira ori anu piahen da kanu makey- sira a kumatuvu du Formusa am vinata da u kapainulay da dyiaken as nafiieng namen dana a piweswesen u no shirt and only a loin-cloth and the cut of their hair was like a halved coconut, and they had bandoliers for hooking on their knives which were small and uniform in shape. The number of men in these two boats was twenty-one souls or persons. 20. On the afternoon when those Iami parted company with us, we tarried yet a little on account of-my great concern over our lack of water, and I asked my shipmates if they approved and Wvere desirous of passing on to Formosa, and they said that they left it to me, and we at once turned the ship round to put her on a course to Formosa. At daybreak we hurdn, cargo of ship, wagon, etc. mintid, each, one and all-; Mahatau really pronounces minchid. valachinuk, a small kind of sour orange. laylay, shirt..mackia uy; —radica u,-cf.-mavuy-vux- under — 18;-prefix --- hi --- — as a rule adds to the stem the sense, of an activity exercised in association -to others by way of a helper. I cannot say if the text conveys a sense of irony, as we might perhaps say: "Their nakedness was relieved by a solitary loincloth." gugud, hairdress. chintib, perf. of aktiben, object of cutting across. savadi, band passing over the right shoulder and under the left arm. pachipungan, hook or ring for an appendix; pungam, pillow. sinuhut, knife, lit. "what is sheathed," from suhut, sheath. Cf. -photographs accompanying Dr. Torii's Kotosho Dozoku ChSza H6koku, as also in his "Les Aborigenes de Formose," Journ. Coll. Sci., Tokyo 28 (1910) Art. 6_a few of which are reproduced in my "Inselkette zwischen Luzon und Formosa," Mitt. d. Ges. f. N. & V. Ostasiens, 11: 1. o (Span.), or. 20. makuyab, afternoon; kamakuyab, yesterday afternoon; kaminsakuyab, the afternoon of the day before yeste-rd-y.. -

Page  325Y_ __ 31,3 8 Scheerer: Batan avang a palunguhen du Formusa. Misexsexdang am masngen kami du dekey a isla a masngen dana du Formusa. Naiiieng kami a mamenek su gumchin a mafiita su ranuim. ICHANEM A KA ARAW 21. Hera las 7 a. m. Du kapakarapit namen du asaori a kadek6y a isla am iieng namen a pagchinen u bote as kagchin darana nu binenek auri a mangaud (anem a katao kanu asa ka piloto) as kapanaivi da nu asa ka angang a~puranum da, as du kasngen darana du tana am mian sira u mayhahaw a sakayan da ori a mitataaw as nu asa dyira du sakayan aurLa hahawen a yanan nu cabecilla da am chinawagan na kono sira u kaduan auri a sakayan a masesngen dira a machivayat du Texts with Notes 325 were near a small island7 off Formosa. We at once appointed those who were to go from the ship to look for water. THE SIXTH DAY 21. At 7 a. m. Upon our nearing that small island we at once lowered the boat and down into it went those appointed as 6arsmen (six men and one boatswain) and they took with them a large-mouthed earthen vessel for water, and finding themselves near the land there were a few boats of those fishermen and one of those boats was supposed to have on board the headman of them, for he: called, as it was said, those other boats nearer to them to meet the (ship's) kavakel; cf. kavaklan under 9. piahen; see this under 8. kumatuvu; see this under 11... -. kapainulya," cf. inulay under 8. piweswesen, radical weswes, idea of turning round, or veering a ship; synon. birahen; cf. kapaibira under 8.-: palunguhen (radical lungu),. what is caused to take a course. mamenek; cf. abneken under 9, binenek under 17. gumchin (Basco: gumtin), who goes down (here: from the ship); cf. pagchinen under 2. manita (Basco: manita, manta, kumita), radical chita, idea of searching; chitahen, what is searched for. 21. iieng, same as nanieng q. v. under 5. mangaud (ma-nga.ud), one who rows, radical kaud, oar; kauren, the — boat as object of rowing. kapanaivi, cf. manaivi, taking along something. 'This can be no other than the island of Samasana, 46 miles north of Botel Tobago. r-,.

Page  326326 The Philippine J bote, as du katalamad namen sira du avang am uyud a rakux u kamu namen anu pisarasarayan da sira, du kadyi namen pa a makapanmuan su parinen da. As du kapitadyorong darana am mian u ranum kanu kapapanmu darana nu kapia da tao. 22. Nu avang am navidin a maybebera as naniieng a mirua a gumchin u bote a pinachisakayan ku kanu mayhahaw a tadyiranuman namen, as du kairaya namen dana am nanieng a machivayat dyiamen u cabecilla nu maytataaw as kavata na su kapachisakay cho dia a makaraya as du kayan namen dana du iraya kanu bote am navuya da nu tao auri u karu nu tadyiranuman a ipuranum namen, a puranuman da nauri atavu as, kangay da niia du bote kanu angu pa sira a 'ournal of Science 1926 boat; and upon our observing (this) we in the ship had a really great fear that they might be hurt by them, as we did not know their actions. But when they returned, there was water and they made us know the goodness of the people. 22. The ship kept veering about on the same'place and at once the boat went down again, I embarking in it with a few of our water vessels, and when we came near the shore, there at once came to meet us the headman of the fishermen and he bade me embark with him to go to the shore and when we were at tle shore and (with us) the (ship's) - boat, those people saw the number of vessels to be filled by us with water, and they were all filled by them and brought to the boat, mayhahaw, what is reduced in number. mitataaw, fisherman; cf. taaw under 2. hhawen, what~ is believed or opined. ---~~s yanan, place in which something or somebody is; cf. kaiyan under 16. cabecilla (Span.), headman, foreman. chinawagan (Basco: tinawagan),, what has been called.; kono, it is said. masesngen, what approaches; cf. kasngen under 3. machivayat, who goes to encounter somebody. pisarasarayan, who is hurt by somebody. makapanmuan; cf. mapanmu under 3. lcapitadyorong, -time of returning (to a place). 22. navidin, perf. of mavidin, remaining in a place: Dios mavidin dinio God abide with you! the salute on parting in the Batanes. maybebera; cf...kapaibira under 8.. ' tadyiranuman, water vessel, a term apparently peculiar to the town of Mahatau. kavata na su kapachisakay cho dia, lit.-his say (was) my joinedly riding in regard to him."

Page  327eV Ilh a A r a a 9 ILV 31, s -Scteerer: Btatan mavuya da a ichahoho namen am iangay da a chitahen as kangay da fiia du bote, vinachi kanu rakanen a kanen nu bagu. 23. Nu cabecilla nu mitataaw am naparutung nu kanin namen du vahay na uri, asa ka kawa a kulay a wakay, as kavata na sia du muestra dyiaken u kakan namen sia atavu a makasakasakayan, as kapirga, na rana kaniira u rarayay na uri a tumapang-du kapangamong da. Navidin namen pa a katnayan u karaw namen dt yavayava na uri iiamen, as du nakatayuka namen a umaraw a navidin ako du iraya a namanda du nakakavus da a mavuavuhud a kuman as makuyab da-, r'exts with Notes 327 and whatever else they saw to be our desire, they went and searched and brought it to the boat: firewood and green forage for the pigs (on board). 23. The headman of the fishermen caused food for us to be boiled in his house: a large iron kettle (full) of dried sweet potatoes, and he told me by signs this to be the food for all of us shipmates; and he with.his companions again went on -fishing. We stayed yet awaiting that (midday)_ meal from his hospitality for us; and when we had finished eating I remained on shore until they (all) had finished eating in turns, and it was already well into the afternoon when I karu, from aum or arru, many. kangay, from angay, idea of going and also of bringing. vinachi (Basco: vinati), firewood; mamati, go for firewood; vatien, what is made into or used for firewood; another term is irotong, instrument for rotong; that is, cooking. ^., rakanen, green- food, vegetables; manakan, who cooks such. bagu, also bagu a kuis, pig. The panco carried a cargo of live pigs. 23. naparutung, compare radical rotong under viach-bove. kawa, a large, panlike kettle of cast iron known under this name all over Luzon, etc. Fabro underlines the word in his MS., perhaps because he felt it as a loan word from the mainland Luzon. kulay a wakay; by makulay are designated in the Batanes sweet potatoes cut in slices and sun-dried; also sun-dried fish; wakay is Ipomoea baataas in different varieties: bayat, china, gabotero, lina, darbong, ballada, etc. muestra (Span.), sign, token, sample. tumapang; radical tapang, idea of continuing. katnayan; radical naya, idea of waiting; Angu katnayan mo? What are you waiting for? Dicho a panaya, I have no time to wait. karaw, midday meal; umaraw, eating-the midday meal. yavayava, hospitality, kindness to visitors. Possibly glottal check after last a. nakakavus; radical kavus, idea of finishing something completely. mavuavuhud, who alternates_ more common form: mavuhuvuhud

Page  328328 The Philippine J na am sumakay aku du avang as kakaru namen dana a mangay du Formusa, as mian kami du asa du rakix a vaha na du kumaidauran am mawara umapalispis a idaud as pirua namen a mayvidi as kapamatan namen dana. 24. Du kapirua namen dana a mayvidi am a las 10 p. m.,-4as a las 2 a. m. am masinmo namen,u Yami, as misexsexdang am arapava u mavuya namen a tana; as a las 7 a. m. am masari du kayukayaman su naychihat a dinamen a natanggal. ICHAPITO A KA ARAW 25. Du nakaparanis na sia dyiamen am dichamipa a makapangariso, as nu mastelero du mayor kanu -trenquite am niaychamamchi du pangorsitan;. du P- - rf *f 0 urnar oJy czence 1926 went aboard the ship aid we set out going in direction of" Formosa, and we found ourselves at one of the great promontories of the northern part when there came a squall from the north and we went back again and made for the Batanes. 24. When we were (thus) going back again it was 10 p. m. and at 2 a. m. Iami was in front of us, and at daybreak we saw no more land; and at 7 a. m. it had become dark in the northeast quite suddenly without our b ng prepared for it. THE SEVENTH DAY 25. When it struck us, we had not yet been, able to reef the. sails and the main and fore topmasts were about to burst.. (durpangorsitan); when it was vaha, rocky point, promontory. kumaidauran, (more commonly: kaidauran) northern region, radical idaud, north, north wind. Infix -um- appears to add to the com- preeensive force-of —arn-a —crtai- mo tof-motion'-that enters into the idea —of north." mapalispis, said of the wind coming on with a striking force: squally. kapamatdn, radical vatdn, Batan; mamatdn kami, we are going to the Batanes; pamatdn ku niaya, this is what I take with me to the Batanes." -_24. masinmo, what is in front; cf..sinmu under 9. arapava, from ara pa ava, there is more not._ masari, what is dark. kayukayaman, radical ayukayam q. v. under 1. naychihat, cf. minaychihat under 1. dinamen, not our. 25. nakaparanis, cf. rumanis under 9. The meaning of radical ranis seems. to be immediateness of action without anything intervening. dichamipa, di, not, chami (kami) we, pa, yet. makapangariso, possibly built on the Span. rizo, reef.

Page  32931,3 Scheerer: Battan Texts with Notes 329 katayuka na 'naori am nafiieng namen a hunen a dyi a nangay du lugar na as naybabat. -Nu trenquite am navudint&d a machitalin-:u-_butalonu berga a muvvwuna a pasayapen u vidad a ipuha. 26. Du karahan nu chubasco am pisunungen namen du lugar na u vidad as kahoon namen su trenquite, am navuya ko sira daw u kaduan du grumete a maypuha nu tavatavayay sira ori, am vatan ku sia u kadyida a michawawan as ipuha dava u tavatavayay sira ori, am vatan da sia: "Michawaw kami ava_ as- iturux namen a payawatan nu gumintos asa du kasakay ta," as axsan ko nfia anu sinu u ngaran na am pinapanmo da dyiaken u ngaran na a si Gela-E sio Abas; ya am pinalsi nu vidad. over [that is, the squall], we at once rolled up (the sail) which was not in its -place and athwart. As to the foresail, the yard was turned over upside down by the side of the bowsprit and the sail was nearly blown out and carried away. 26. Th6esquall past, we put the sail into its proper place and when we were rolling up the foresail, I saw some sailors throwing calabashes (overboard), and I told them not to make any mistake and not to throw away those calabashes, and they answered: "We are making no mistake for we give — these as means by wliich to keep afloat to one of our shipmates who has-fallen (overboard)", and I asked them as to what his name was, and they told me his name was Gelasio Abas; he was pushed (overboard) by the sail. astelero, topmast; mayor, main; trinquete, foremast, foresail; all Spanish nautical terms, the last being transformed into "trenquite." naychamamchi, what is cracking or about,to burst. pangorsitan, I believe this to mean "halyard." hunen or hoonen, object of rolling up. lugdr (Span.), place. navudintdd, turned the wrong way; cf. Tag. baligtdd, same meaning. butalon, Span. botalon, bowsprit; berga, Span. verga, yard. muvvu na; the sense is —that of almost, nearly. pasayapen, radical sayap, idea of flying. ipuha, radical puha, idea of throwing away. 26. karahdn, cf. nakarahan under 16. chubasco (Span.), squall, rain shower. pisunungen (or: paisunungen); radical sunung; masunmng, what is straight or perpendicular; pazsunungen, objects to be placed in order. - 221488 —6

Page  330330 The Philippine Journal of Science 1926 27. Si changuriaw am maparin tava a iangay ahapin am amanda du katayuka ta a umnamunamu su naputot aya anayasan ta maparin tava a pagehinen u bote as-nu pinarin ku am inaguhunan ku u lugar a yanan nu gumintos aori a tau, as kapakalukalu ku nu kanamunamu su trabaho aori a namanda du kaparin na a tairan su bote a pagchinen. 28. Du katayuka na naori a trabahuan am nafiing a pagchinen u — bote am uyud a masadit du kapahong na kanu kasalawsaw na pa, as nu kapus-. pus narien dyia su panda nu -27. At that very moment we could not go to pick him up, but only after our having finished fixing ~up' the broken mast, for we could not lower the boat; so, what I did was to fix by the needle the place where that man who had fallen (overboard) -found himself and I hastened the cleaning up of that work until the boat could be lifted up for being lowered (overboard). 28. Upon the conclusion of that work we lowered the boat at once and (this was) very difficult on account of the waves and also of the wind, but the effort we made to the limit of -tavatavayay, a certain variety of tavayay; that is, large calabashes that serve in the Batanes as receptacles, especially for carrying water. michawawan, radical awaw, idea of erring, mistaking. iturux, what is given; cf. katurux under 13. payawatan, term applied to anything that serves to keep a man afloat in the water, such as a board, the trunk of a banana, etc.; radical probably awat. axsan; cf. kahes under 12. Aravay panahexsan ko, there is nobody whom I might ask. pinapanmo^ cf. mapanmu under 3. pinalsi, pert. of palsien, object of pushing. 27. si changuriaw (or: si changu yaya), an intensive form of si changuri,(or: si changu ya), which latter means: now. tava, from ta, we, and ava, not. ahapin (or: ahapen), radical ahap, idea of seizing, catching. umnamunamu, who repairs, cleans; manamunamu, what is clean. naputot, perf. of maputot, what breaks (intr.); cf. mamutut, who breaks (trans.) anayasan, mast. inaguhunan, evidently built on radical Span. agujon, big needle (here: of the compass). trabaho, Span. trabajo, work. tairan (also: tairen), what is lifted with the help of ropes; radical taid; manaid, who lifts.

Page  331& s -I -s a - k- w - 31, 8 s ceerere: Batan maparin namen du kasi namen nu tau aori a mavidin a mayaguanta a miay su karakuhan na du panda nu maparin na, as agchin nu -inanaub a mangaud kanu asa ka timonel a chinuruhan ku nu aguhon a pinapanmuan ku nu rumbo da as minangay sira a mauhamek su kavuya sia, abu su naparin dyira a namanda du nakapaitadyorong da du avang. 29. Ya am suminakay du avang a uyud a mapaw su kachichiban as kananieng na umuyog nu hoo na makayamot du kasaray a minalibre du rakfix a pinannganngan na. 30. Du nakarahan na naori am pinasakfy namen dana u r l'ezts-with Notes ^ 331 our strength (was) on account of our compassion for that man who was left struggling to save himself with the utmost of his strength, and there went down (into the boat) sufficient oarsmen and one helmsman to whom I ave/ f compass on which I showed him their course, and the we t and found him easily, nothing happening to them until they managed to return to the ship.,29. Hecame on board the ship very dejected in appearance and suddenly his tears were flowing with joy at having been freed from his past great danger. 30. After this we hoisted our boat on board and turned to 28. kapahong; radical pahong, wave. kapuspTs; radical puspes, idea of exertion, valor; an old term for the supreme headman on the island of Batin was mangprs. panda,. limit. mayaguanta, radical Span. aguantar, to hold out.: miay 8s karakuihan-;-karakuhan, body; radical rakzi; large, big; miay has the sense of "to protect, to save (one's life).agchin; cf. pagchinen under 2, gumchin under 20. manaub; cf. kanaub under 6. timonel, Span. for helmsman; rumbo, Span. for course. minangay, apparently, beside nangay, a perf. of mangay, q. v. under 1. nakapaitadyorong; cf. kapitadyorong under 21, where pi might be contracted from pai. 29. mapdw; cf. kapdw under 10. kachichiban, appearance; cf. kachidib under 11. umuyog; radical uyog (uyug), idea of flowing of water. hoo (huu), tear; mihuhuu, who sheds tears. kasaray, joy, happiness. minalibre; radical Span. libre, free. pinannganngan (pi-nan-ngan-ngan); radical nganngan, idea of bodily danger.

Page  332332 Tle Philippine Journal of Science 41926 bote. namen aori, as ka rua repair some more damages, namen a umnamunamu su - whereupon we continued again duan pa a nararayaw, as kapi- sailing for the Batanes until rua namen dana a tumapang we reached the bay of Mahatau du kapamidad namen a mama- here without any further perils tan-a namanda du nakapaka- for us. rapit namen du vanwa du Ma-. hatau aya; abui dana su minirua a panngahngan namen.. TAUSAN THE END 30. nararayaw, perf. of mararayaw, what'Sis in disorder; radical rayaw, idea of disorder. tumapang; see under 23. kapamidad; radical vidad, sail. -:. mamatdn; radicai Batan; cf. kapamatdn under 23. vanwa, bay, landing place. Mahatau, township on Batan; radical hataw, idea of floating on the water. - tausan;-radical taus, idea- of conclusion; syn. kdvugsaif, from kavus. LADYI A NANUMA F-IRST SONG [For a better appreciation of the conditions under which songs like this and the following ones spring into life, a brief description was given at the beginning of this paper of the natural phenomena as well as of the economic and social life that characterize the 1it a i scenery inciting the minds of the islanders to poetic imagery, and pitiless storms decimating their families and destroying their fields, the keynotes of their songs can hardly be other than those to be heard from the selection of poetic prose here given. The following songs are somewhat literally translated, and it is left to the footnotes to do justice, as far as possible, to the literal sense of the words. At the end of each song a short explanation of its general tendency is found, while several details must necessarily remain obscure for reasons given in the introduction.] Duvo a valayvayan du maya- Oh beneficial valayvayan pitukunan pachidalawsawan nu tree, resort of those who wish tuminuduk nu muyvux a —haha- to refresh themselves with the kwn pakaima kuava nu fragrant breeze from the hills! i Prize of my sole place of husmaduyusubit su pawpaw a bi- b- appeae o h nahacitan.bandry!-I appreciate not him nahachitan nguri amipakaima whoseonl work is toangle ko u madiyasirap su pinanau- at night for fishes to be dried di.a wakay ta su ahawen a di- in the sun; I esteem him who intesn ete i h

Page  33331,3 Scheerer: Batan Texts with-Notes 333 mayavake nu vudik da nu kamanganakan. Anu kapaduduhad nu araw a umusuk umudi a mangates du niyapuan-a maydoloken a mavaheng ta panalaway mo su komniay a kawalo du rapan nu dima mo. Anguhen a ivosuy su pagalitidieten ta mayango anu domibu ka du piratayan a umaliyalid nu mintid a kuminavus a pinitduan a kaunasan a pichaludisuditan nu hapa nu inulut a biyedbed nu rapung nu unas. Angu ichakaduyo mo! Du dimayunas a dumaray niya u kapangunut mo du' tudung nu kaydian? owns conterminous fields planted with the late sweet potato, for his children will likely not go hungry. When tfhe sun is low in the sky, return from the field and proceed yet to the sugar mill to crush cane, and with the juice fill one of the large pots the sale of which will fill the palm of your hand w it h shining silverlings. What is the use-of; loud protestations of love? It were better you went to work in the field on the plain, attending to each single stalk of the sugar cane that has been completely:' bundled together for the third time with its drooping leaves that will serve to tie the bundles into a rapung. What laziness is yours! Being without sugar cane, do you expect to go after palek as a gift from a townsman? t'. duvo, in songs for tuvo, growth, utility, profit. valayvayan, one of the species of trees planted to fence in fields. mayapitukunan; radical tukun, hill; pitukunan, hilly region; prefix mayaoften denotes: "smelling of," as in mayaamong, having a fishy smell. pachidalawsawan; radical salawsaw, wind; s often changed to d in singing. tuminuduk, what has become the prize, reward, or remuneration. hahakawan, from radical hakaw, idea of working in -the field. maduyusubit, spending all the time in fishing. binahachitan, what has been fished with the angle at night. madiyasirap, what is contiguous. pinanaudi, what has been planted at a late time. wakay, Ipomoea batatas. ahawen; cf. ahahawen under 7 in Voyage of the panko San Carlos. dimayavake, not lacking contents; vudik, the belly. kapaduduhad nu araw, position of the sun near the horizon either in the morning -or in the afternoon umusuk, what descends on an inclined plane.

Page  3342 334 The Philippine Journal of Science 1926 — umudi, who returns from the field to the town. mangates, who crushes sugar cane; radical ates; atsen, the object. niyapuan, vessel, container. maydoloken, for maysoloken, an old expression used in counting money and meaning "what exceeds one peso;" dua a soloken is "two more than one peso," by dua being understood dua a vinukcex; that is, two half reals (of 6:eentavos each). Synonymous with vinukaex is kawalo; that is, the eighth part of one Ouhawan (50 centavos). mavaheng, black; also: a large earthenware pot of that color. panalaway, what is held in the hand. komniay a kawalo; komniay, shine, glitter; kawalo, see above maydoloken. rapdn, the palm (nu tanoro, of the hand) or the sole (nu kokod, of tie. foot); dima for hand is seldom used. anguhen, often shortened to angen, what for? from angu, what? ivosuy, what is told, proclaimed. pagalitidieten, what gives a loud or queer sound. domibu, for somibu, who starts out to work in the field. piratayan, level lands; ratay, plain. umaliyalid, observing and attending with care. kuminavus, perf. of kumavus, what-b ecomes complete. pinitduan; as the height of the stalks..increases, they are tied together three times in succession, being thus called-pinisaan, once tied, piniduaan, twice tied, and pinitduan, thrice tied, respectively. kaunasan, sugar-cane field, from unas, sugar cane. pichaludisuditan, same as paychaludyiluldyitan, what-is hanging-orsuspended. hapa,. green or dry leaves, and especially the stems of leaves; a more general term is vuhung; leaves used for plates: daun; fallen leaves: inhay; leaves of Piper betel: samux; still other terms in use. inulut, binding material,' such as vines, rattan, etc.; radical ulut, idea of pulling a wire, vine, and the like from some. obstruction, or tangle. rapung, about four bundles of sugar cane tied together by their crowns. ichakaduyo, laziness; synonym: ichatalakak. dimayunas. one withontfieldof Sugar-cane. — dumaray, for sumaray, one awaiting or expecting. kapangunut, the act of going after. tudung,-w'iat is offered to those who take part in a work of neighborly help, such as thatching a house; generally palek. kaydian (kaidian), townsman, from idi (ili), town, village. The preceding song is in the way of an answer given by a girl to a young man aspiring to her hand. After an apostrophe to the field that forms her sole possession and on whose beautiful surroundings she apparently has set her heart, she turns to her suitor giving him to understand that she lays more weight upon assiduous work in the field, the only guaranty for the welfare of a family, than on wordy protestations of love. The language certainly lacks nothing in clarity of purport, though the men-.....tion of much time spent in angling at night might possibly involve a covered allusion to conduct on the. part of hersuitor little in harmony _ with his professions of love. We have here testimony for the soundness of ideals to be found among Batanese womenfolk, ideals taught them by the hardships of their life.

Page  33531, 3 Scheerer: Batdn Texts with Notes 335 LADYI ICHADUA NA SECOND SONG Anu kapaypahabas nu adipasayaw du teyedted nu vahay nio kani ama mo am tawyen mo sira nu tatawi a talugun nu niyoy ta manumanuk sira ni apu ta du tuab nu vahay. Vuhawan du balugan, vuhawan du kadpidan, mirua ka du adan mo a katachiran ta sayan nu sinukulan a palek a yapu du yawran a takey. ka.wntahhabas. the act nf nassine. When the little birds adipasayaw pass under the eaves of your and your father's house, regale them (with palek) using as cup the half of the tiny coconut shell called talugun, for they are the birds of our Lord over the gables. Gold of the Orient, gold of the Occident, return to your-former dwelling place and you will be treated with the well-seasoned palek of dark red color that proceeds from the fertile fields called yawran. adipasayaw, a kind of migratory birds passing the Batanes at certain seasons and staying only for a couple of months. teyedted, space-on the outside of a house comprised between the eaves, called-riyan, and the ground. tawyen; the original meaning would seem to be "palek to be poured into a coconut bowl (tatawi)," hence "the person, the guest, who is thereby to be regaled.". talugun, a variety of Cocos nucifera with very small nuts. niyoy (nioy), Cocos nucifera. tuab, the gable ends of the roof of the house (vahay); an old native suggested my translating "apu ta du tuab" directly as "our Lord -God" - vuhawan (gold) du balugan, v. du kadpidan; kadpidan was stated to apply to the side of the island facing west, while balugan has the meaning of "the other, the opposite side of the island" where the sun rises; ibalugan are called on BatAn those who live on the eastern side of the island, opposite to Basco which is on the west coast. Cf. Ilk. baliu, the opposite side of a river or of the sea. The evident stem of kadpidan, viz. adpid, has the meaning of putting something heavy on something else, so as to secure it. addn, better adaadt, old, former (said of objects). sayangen; interpreted by some as meaning "object of sacrifice," it being understood that the sacrifice involves the shedding of the blood of a living being, such as a domestic animal, sothat its blood may ensure the safety, say, of a new house or bridge, etc.; others tranhsIatedthe word directly with "object of moistening," a sense which, in connection with the blood red color of the special palek in question, leads back to the idea of a sacrificial a'ct, little as this can be reconciled with the general purport of the song.

Page  336'336 The Philippine Journal of Science. 1926 sinukulan a palek is palek that has been kept for a long time, perhaps... even for years, in an earthenware pot that is sometimes buried in the ground, the liquid thus acquiring with age a dark red color; it is reserved for special occasions, such as the arrival of distinguished visitors. yawran a takey; the general term for field, takey, specialized by yawran, which takes also the form odiuran, meaning "place of fertile soil;" Diuran, proper name of certain fields near Basco. This ladyi a pinasinmo, or significative song, was explained to be addressed by a young man of wealth and good family to a girl ---of like social position, asking her to receive him well when he goes to her house, and promising her that, if she would consent to marry him, she would be treated well as being of his own rank. As stated before, it is difficult clearly to trace the meaning of this kind of ancient songs through the words of the text. LADYI A ICHATDU NA.- THIRD SONG Aniu minamalugan ako as mangadpidan a komita su pi-danuyan nu vanwa am dicho a dali ta mayabayabatuy sira u manayrin du naho matbung ava nu vinhuk a ganaysiwan ka si dahudu nu dimhes a umadimpurung di maidak a sungu. Whether I direct myself to the coast over which the sun rises, or turn to' the opposite shore, searching for a bay of placid waters, I fail to find it for the fishermen in the open take up their position in a line according to chosen landmarks and do not drop their small hooks destined for the (fish called) taysiw for the (one called) daihidu which is unceasingly pursued by the white -----— I -- sungu. minamalugah and mangadpidan; cf. note to vuhawan under second song. komita (kumita), manita or manta, who searches, looks for something; radical chita (Tag., etc., kita), sight. pidanuyan, same as katanuyan, said of quiet unruffled waters; radical tanuy, smooth, gentle, placid. mayabayabatuy, a poetical form of mdbatubatuy, what is Barranged or placed in a line; radical batuy (vatuy), idea of line, row. nawo, syn. tuvidan, what is used in an effort not.to lose from memory; here: landmarks used by fishermen to give them the bearings of spbts frequented by certain fishes;-naho-has-besides the meaning of "man of trust," tao a kasarayan. matbung, who drops something into the water. vinhuk (syn. inihuk, pinaysayran), what has been bent or curved into a hook.

Page  337eV - - -. V~ - A " - - - Pt l T - k e~ eo 31,3 Scneeerer: Batan ITexts wztt Notes 337 ganaysiwan, poetical for panaysiwan a certain kind of fish hook used for catchingthe taysiw, from which it takes its name. dahudA, name of a fish; said to denote-also a poor man, a peasant. dimhes, from di umhes (equal to umthes ava), not cease; radical abhes, idea of ceasing. umadipzurong, who follows, goes after. di. maidak a sungu; di evidently for du; maidak a sungu, white (really white spotted) fish sungu..__ __ In spite of all efforts made, an exact interpretation of the details of this "significative" song could not be secured; it was stated to be meant as giving the position of a lover who is foiled in his intentions toward a girl by her being constantly followed by a rival. LADYI A ICHAPAT NA FOURTH SONG Manlasal i hoo ko a dumanfis ta padayapen ko si dadua a ka mata ko. Kumavus dana sira a makatining dana as makativaw dana du nuhud nu tuk6n, u minadkel a kadgi -, manga gaynapuan atavti. Anu. inalialit na pakun6 yatin ni Aputa si Dios du kapaydayatao na diatin! Makasiasi dan ----ay.i dumindang a hupes! Takuno i vutox nu adan a kalirang! Diako a mayatuhos a viltinen nu umudi as kulturen nu kumatuvo; mana akmay yaken u misinayaw a chinanan du nohos nu rarahan a pachidirungan nu minasbang du ama kanu ina. My tears are falling with weeping as I raise my eyes. They all have been able to get on (in life) and have already reached the top of the mountain, my relatives of my own generation; all of them are as seniors to me. Would that our Lord God had made equal our destiny when he created us nibn! How pitiable is it to be thd only blind grain among the seed! Look at the old kalirang vine! I am unable to make s-ho-ots —as-amtugg e-by-the people returning from the field and plucked by those going out to the field. I am like a leaf that has been used as a plate in eating and is cast into the middle of the road, the shelter of those bereft of father and mother. manlasal, what falls like tears, grains; powder, etc. i appears in songs as an alternative of article u. dumanis, for tumanis, radical tanis, weep. padayapen (for pasayapen) si mata, raise the eye; note si for su. makatining, who is able to pass on. makativaw, who is able to ascend. t

Page  338_ 338 The Philippine Journal of Science 1926.. nuhud no tukon, top of the mountain. minadkel a kadaisa (rectius: kataisa), clan of cousins. gaynapuan atavu elders (ancestors, seniors, superiors) all; manga is the Tagalog pluralizing particle which, as some other Tagalog words, occasionally creeps into Batan. inalialit, perf. of alialiten, what is made equal. pakuno, term interpreted by some as "lot, fortune;" others give it as an expletive substituting another term not just remembered. Cf. Tag. kudn. dumindang, for sumindang, what finds itself of a different kind among others of one kind. hupes, blind grains of seed, blind nuts. takuno, idiomatic for "look here:" takun6 iya, look at this; evidently related to pakuno above; cf. "Viahe nu panko," sec. 21: kon6. vutox, kernel of a fruit; cf. Tag. butil. kalirang, a vine found around Basco creeping up, and hanging down from, trees growing at the roadside, a handy binding material to passers-by; the inulut in the First Song; leaves eaten as a vegetable. mayatuhos, what sends forth shoots. viltinen (radical viltin), object of pulling with a jerk. umudi, see this under First Song. kulturen (radical - kultud), object of plucking. kumatuvo, who goes from the village to work-in the fields. mana, a particle inserted between clauses to indicate progress of the discourse; according to context: "and, then, but, now," etc. misinayaw, what is thrown away; radical sayaw; cf. sumayaw, said of the wind —carrying away something. — chinanan (radical kanan, root kan), what was place of eating; at-large gatherings food is often placed before guests on large leaves serving as plates. I nohos nu rarahan, middle of the road. — pachiidinan,-for-pachigeiru nk-cf. i(anrradicald- — _place sheltered against sun, rain, etc. minasbang, or nasbang, orphan; michasbasbang, who becomes orphan; radical asbang. The preceding bitter lamentation over an ungrateful fate, sung by a poor female relative at some family gathering, is evidently meant to move the hearts of her better-situated cousins to grant )er- relief. It is original with the singer, and probably an improvisation. As stated before, everybody present at the gathering is expected to contribute a song, wherefore each singer closes his-?songwin- suchwrdsasthe: "Ahap as ralaw padaw, mo lipos, ta su dimayhanis nia," meaning "Take up the song, you my cousin (or relative), so as not to give an unsatisfactory result."

Page  33931, ' Scheerer: -atan Texts with Notes 339 KALUSAN CHORUS OF ROWERS Hesma hiawaway! Bear a hand, boys! Raunen ta u layag! Launch the boat! Ixbet du huv6k Passing out of the bay Hawahawayen We shall test you -_ Du mayavaha na Off the point, Imo, mo layag You, little boat, A mapsek a kayo. Prudent timber. Payhiniore From now on Tadichokori Leave behind you U vanwa mo Your port Pa vinohore And pass over hesma hiawaway, two words.of exclamation stated to be meant to inspirit the boat's crew for greater exertion. -The words of this, as of all following lines, are, in chanting, either contracted or disrupted, their syllables lengthened or shortened, stressed or slurred over, so as to make them fit into the rhythm of the movements of the rowers which they accompany and accentuate. They become thereby to -the greater part unintelligible. raunen ta- u layag, interpreted by some as "we make sail on the boat" cf. daun, leaf used as plate; vidad, sail; Tag. layag, sail); others point out raunen as an old expression for "launching a boat" and layag, repeatedly used farther on, as clearly meaning "boat." The radical raun occurs again, near the end, in karaun with the meaning of "discharge." The modern term for what is discharged or brought forth from an inclosed space is aunen. ixbet du huvek; cf. muxbet (radical axbdt), what goes out, issues; huvek, bay. hawahawayen (radical haway), what-is objee-of-esit-g. mayavaha; vaha, point, promontory. -imo, mo layag, lit. "you, you boat;" for the appealing repetition of the pronoun compare: machiahuahuk kami dimo, mo Apu Dios, freely translated: we beseech you, dear Lord God. payhiiore, radical iniod, idea of lastingness; cf. maiiiid ka a marahet, you are bad all the time; the addition of an inorganic final e (i) is evidently meant to give more vigor to the corresponding jerky movement of the rowers. -tadich-fokor,;-for-.-tadich6ko-d-, turning- of the back (dichod,; Tag. -lic6d) —final i is inorganic, as above. vinohore; radical vohod, idea of passing over temporarily, borrowing; inorganic final e,-as above.

Page  340340 The Philippine Journal of Science 1926 z —.A. i' t i' t' ~` r. i; d i i Asa du vanwa mo Du nachilubang aya Daan mo a kaiwamain. Imo, mo layag, Hamuan mo ava A di puspusan Si tinalalan. Ibhes mo ava Sapasapahen si mambre nu isaak Iyalakuid Maasek du iraya -. A vuyan ta sia.. Si madmay a huvek Punduan ta nia Mayor nu sadyit Karaun ta dia Chinarga nu layag Ta rexdaimio Pachimabayagan Nu naypuyepenged Minapalibo.,/ To your other landing On the opposite side, Your old familiar place. You, little boat, Do not desist From your endeavor To reach the-destination. Do not cease To look for The swift flow of the tide To go with you Towards the land Where we shall find That beautiful bay, The place to anchor With our best'anchor, - There to discharge What the boat has loaded, For they are awaiting you Impatiently, Everyone of those Whom we left behind. I asa du vanwa, to the other port; asa (isd), one, often-used in Philippine languages to mean "the other one," possibly due to its originally demonstrative character. kaiwaman, radical iwam; cf. maiwam, who is accustomed. hamuan, radical hamu; cf. umhamu, one desisting.puspusan, what is strenuously endeavored. /f f.v* Ani #rl 1 1+n If P,'t;o tn AV f________- -—;__ - -~ ICLLLU IILL~lL-mIL~~I - L~I I~Cr —I-UZ-~L~C~t-~f~B- L-af r rr r r ibhes, what is- discontinued, perf. binhes; umhes, who discontinues. - sapasapahen, what is lodked for; perf. sinapasapa. si mambre nu isaak (isdk); si for su; mambre, old word for present mamli, the strong, swift flowing of currents; isaak, cf. ries, under sec. 5 of Viahe nu panko San Carlos. - - punduan, probably from Span. fondear, to anchor. ' mayor' (Span.), greater, greatest; sadyit, anchor. karaun, cf. raunen above. chinarga, a perfect obtained w.ith infix -in- from Span. ca-ga, load. ta rexdaimio was translated "because (ta) awaiting you;" second word obscure, possibly containing dimo or dinio, prepositional cases of imo, inio, thou, you; the presence of taruk da, their signpost, might be considered........

Page  34131, 3 Scheerer: Batan Texts with Notes 341 pachimabayagan, cf. mavayag, tardy. r napuyepenged; for radical penged compare: aypenged u ngaran nu takey, each field has its name; siraya a tatdo a ka personas am michakapenged dira u ka Dios, those 'three persoQs are, each one for himself, God.. minapalibo, translated with "who or what has been left behind.";The preceding song, which contains a number of old words and old forms of words, now found only in songs and difficult correctly to interpret,expresses a pretty train of thought in a way that bears witness to the poetical disposition of the islanders. It was sung by the men who rowed me and my company in an open boat (called chinerkeran) on my return from Itbayat to Batan, some twenty miles over the high sea, a trip which- makes the question of reaching Batan with the help of the current one of life or death. The;same boat had less good luck on its following trip over the same route in January, 1909, when President Naqueta of Itbayat, with a number of other notables, bent-on a return of my visit, were buried in the waves which only cast ashore a mast with torn sail and a water-logged trunk found among the cliffs of northern Batin. I

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