Southern Alta language

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Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines

Southern Alta
Kabulowan, Kabuluwan
Native to | Philippines
Region | Luzon

Native speakers

(1,000 cited 1982)[1]

Language family

Austronesian

Malayo-Polynesian

Philippine

Northern Luzon

Meso-Cordilleran

Alta

Southern Alta

Language codes
ISO 639-3 | agy
Glottolog | sout2905[2]

Area where Southern Alta is spoken according to Ethnologue

Southern Alta (also known as Kabuluen, Kabulowan or Kabuluwan, Kabuluwen, Ita, Beluga, Pugot), is a distinctive Aeta language of the mountains of northern Philippines. This article will discuss Southern Alta's location, vocabulary, similarities and differences shared with other languages of the Philippines. Southern Alta is one of many endangered languages that risks being lost if it is not passed on by current speakers. Most speakers of Southern Alta also speak Filipino. [1]

Southern Alta is not particularly close to Northern Alta or to other languages of Luzon. Both Northern and Southern Alta have a significant proportion of vocabulary that is unique to each other, however, they are also very different from the other. Many Southern Alta also interact primarily with Tagalog speakers, sharing similarities between both languages.[3] Tagalog is a more widely spoken language in the Philippines, using an alphabet that has 5 vowels and 15 consonants. Although Southern Alta and Tagalog share similarities, Southern Alta still remains a very distinct language that constitutes at least one coordinate branch of the large Meso-Cordilleran group of Northern Luzon languages. [4] The Southern Alta are also commonly referred to Kabuluwan, which may associate them with the Bulu, a small river flowing west past Malibay in Northern Bulacan Province.

As a critically endangered language, Southern Alta has very few speakers. Currently, Southern Alta has a population of 1,000 speakers.

Contents

1 Geographic distribution

1.1 History

1.2 Dialects

1.3 Endangerment of the Language

2 Grammar

3 Vocabulary

4 References

5 Further reading

Geographic distribution[edit]

Southern Alta is spoken primarily in the Sierra Madre of eastern Nueva Ecija and in nearby coastal areas of Quezon Province.[3] Lawrence Reid collected data from San Miguel, located east of Rio Chico, a barrio (barangay) of General Tinio, Nueva Ecija. There are also Southern Alta living further south near Norzagaray in Bulacan (Reid 2013: 339). A phonologically more conservative dialect is spoken by a group known as the Edimala in Dicapanikian and Dicapanisan, on the coast north of Dingalan (Reid 2013: 339).

History[edit]

Prior to 1937, no information is available on the early history of the language. [3] The research available to date has a direct bearing problem on when and how the Philippines began speaking the language of Southern Alta. [3]

Dialects[edit]

Southern Alta is a very distinct language, however, it shares similarities to the language Tagalog, and Northern Alta. Southern Alta may be distantly related to other Philippine languages as well. Southern Alta is most similar to Northern Alta, with a lexical similarity of 34%. [1] Sharing those similarities can be viewed as dialect borrowing, which is borrowing sounds, grammar, or vocabulary. [5]

Endangerment of the Language[edit]

Today, Southern Alta risks becoming extinct in the near future. With only 1,000 speakers, or less, the language is categorized as critically endangered. Due to Southern Alta not being a common spoken language in the Philippines, it is likely that the language will soon be lost and will not continue to be passed down, eventually becoming a "dead language".

Grammar[edit]

There is not much known about the language of Southern Alta because it is a little known language of the Philippines. The only data previously available on Southern Alta is an unpublished wordlist of 350 words collected by Wesley Petro (1974), formerly of New Tribes Mission. [3]

Vocabulary[edit]

To get a better understanding of a few words, as well as the language of Southern Alta, below is a table of words in English and how that word would be translated in Southern Alta.

Unique forms - Southern Alta. [3]

horn | begwiʔ | warm by fire | ʔiliad
hungry | kopposan | wash clothes | taptapan
kiss | ʔo:sengan | waterfall | ta:bi
know (a fact) | ʔono:loŋkud | weep | kukbiʔ
know (a person) | ʔullupaʔan | white | puklaw
land, soil | du:pit | wide | layát
leaf | ʔa:gidna | widow | na:dit
learn | gewyan | wind | kabuán

Northern and Southern Alta are distantly related languages. Below is a table that shows similarities between words spoken in both Southern Alta (ALTS) and Northern Alta (ALTN).

Uniquely shared lexical items - Northern and Southern Alta. [3]

Gloss | ALTS | ALTN
carry on shoulder | bitlay | bɨtlayɨn
flood | dakol | da:ʔl
friend | ko:yug | kuyug
hot (weather), fever | mopnaŋ | panaŋ14
know how | muŋnul | mannul
lost | minaybut | ʔi:but
love | ʔobbudin | budin
mud | lu:tit | lutít
night | dalam | dalam
sleep | pulád | po:lɨd
sweet | la:nis | la:nis

References[edit]

^ a b c Southern Alta at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Southern Alta". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

^ a b c d e f g Reid, Lawrence (1991). The Alta Languages of the Philippines

^ Lawrence, Reid. "Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language".

^ Dutton, T.; Tryon, D.T. (1994). Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Further reading[edit]

Southern Alta at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016)

Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. "Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages." In Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Jun. 1994), pp. 37–72.

Reid, Lawrence. The Alta Languages of the Philippines (1991)

Reid, Lawrence. Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language (2013)

Dutton, Tom. Tyron, Darrell. Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World (1994)

Alta, Southern https://www.ethnologue.com/language/agy (2017)

Southern Alta Language http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sout2905 (2017)

v

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Philippine Negrito languages

Northern Luzon

Atta

Arta

Northern Alta

Southern Alta

Central Cagayan Agta

Northeastern Luzon

Dupaningan Agta

Dinapigue Agta

Casiguran Dumagat Agta

Nagtipunan Agta

Paranan Agta

Central Luzon

Ayta Mag-indi

Ayta Mag-anchi

Ayta Abellen

Ayta Ambala

Ayta Magbukun (Mariveleño)

Remontado Dumagat (Sinauna)

Manide-Inagta

Manide

Inagta Alabat (Inagta Lopez)

Katabangan †

Central Philippine

Bikol

Inagta Rinconada

Inagta Partido

Mount Iraya Agta †

Visayan

Magahat

Karolanos

Mansakan

Mamanwa

Mindanao

Ata Manobo

Matigsalug (Tigwa)

Northern Mindoro

Iraya

Palawan

Batak

Ati

Ati

(unclassified)

Umiray Dumaget

Ata

Cross (†) and italics indicate extinct languages.

v

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Philippine languages

Batanic (Bashiic)

Itbayat

Ivatan

Yami

Northern
Luzon

Ilocano

Arta

Dicamay Agta †

Cagayan Valley

Ibanag

Isnag

Atta

Itawis

Yogad

Cagayan Agta

Gaddang

Ga'dang

Meso-Cordilleran

Northern Alta

Southern Alta

Central Cordilleran

Isinai

Itneg

Kalinga

Ifugao

Tuwali ?

Balangao

Bontok-Finallig

Kankanaey

Southern Cordilleran

Pangasinan

Ilongot

Ibaloi

Iwaak

Kalanguya

Karao

Central Luzon

Kapampangan

Remontado Agta (Sinauna)

Sambalic

Abellen

Ambala

Bolinao

Botolan

Mag-antsi

Mag-indi

Mariveleño

Sambal

Northern Mindoro

Alangan

Iraya

Tadyawan

Greater
Central
Philippine

Southern Mindoro

Buhid

Hanuno'o

Tawbuid

Central
Philippine

Tagalogic

Tagalog

Kasiguranin

Bikol

Central Bikol

Isarog Agta

Mount Iraya Agta

Albay Bikol

Mount Iriga Agta

Rinconada

Pandan Bikol

Bisayan

Cebuano

Boholano ?

Hiligaynon

Waray

Tausug

Karay-a

Sulod

Aklanon

Capiznon

Asi

Baybay

Kabalian

Bantayanon

Porohanon

Romblomanon

Caluyanon

Onhan

Cuyonon

Ratagnon

Surigaonon

Butuanon

Masbateño

Northern Sorsogon

Southern Sorsogon

Karolanos

Magahat

Mansakan

Davawenyo

Kalagan

Kamayo

Mamanwa

Mandaya

Mansaka

(unclassified)

Ata †

Palawanic

Aborlan Tagbanwa

Central Tagbanwa

Palawan Batak

Palawano

Taaw't Bato

Subanen

Subanen

Danao

Maguindanao

Maranao

Iranun

Manobo

Agusan

Ata Manobo

Matigsalug

Obo

Ilianen

Western Bukidnon

Binukid

Higaonon

Kagayanen

Kamigin

Cotabato Manobo

Sarangani

Tagabawa

Gorontalo–Mongondow

Bolango

Buol

Bintauna

Gorontalo

Kaidipang

Lolak

Suwawa

Mongondow

Ponosakan

Kalamian

Agutaynen

Calamian Tagbanwa

Bilic

B'laan

T'boli

Tiruray

Sangiric

Sangirese

Talaud

Bantik

Ratahan

Minahasan

Tonsawang

Tontemboan

Tombulu

Tondano

Tonsea

Other branches

Giangan

Umiray Dumaget

Ati

Manide-Inagta

Inagta Alabat

Manide

† indicates extinct status

? indicates classification dispute

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