= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = abang PAN *qabang http://www.trussel2.com/ACD/acd-s_q.htm#27544 Formosan Kanakanabu abangu boat, canoe Saaroa 7abange boat, canoe Siraya avang boat, sampan Proto-Rukai *avange boat, canoe WMP Itbayaten avang big boat with sail and oar, but (operated) mainly by sail, with about thirty crew members and about thirty passengers. It is not used any more Itbayaten mang-avang go to a far place by avang Gaddang abang boat, canoe Casiguran Dumagat abeng canoe, small boat (with outriggers); to travel by boat Maranao awang boat Manobo (Western Bukidnon) avang small boat, dugout canoe Tiruray 7awang canoe or small boat powered by paddle or outboard motor Moken kabang houseboat, group of Moken boats Mentawai abak boat; travel by boat Note: Also Tsou apange ‘boat, canoe, Favorlang/Babuza abak ‘small boat or sampan’. Given the independent evidence for PAn *layaR ‘sail’ we can be sure that PAn speakers had boats with sails. However, we cannot be certain that they possessed the outrigger, since *saRman ‘outrigger float’ and other terms connected with the outrigger canoe complex are reconstructible only to PMP. As noted in Blust (1999) the Austronesian settlement of Taiwan may have been accomplished with bamboo sailing rafts, leaving open the possibility that the *qabang was a simple dugout canoe used on interior rivers. = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = bangka PMP *bangkaq 'boat' http://www.trussel2.com/ACD/acd-s_b.htm#32839 WMP Ilokano bángka 'a kind of large bilog (double outrigger canoe) without outriggers' Tagalog bangká7 'native boat or canoe, both small and large, with and without a sail' Tagalog ma-mangká7 'to go boating (e.g. for diversion)' Tagalog bangka7-ín 'to make use of a small boat in crossing a river or lake, or for other purposes' Cebuano bángka7 'a one-piece dugout between 5 to 15 meters, optionally with one or two masts and/or a motor, and/or outriggers' Tausug bangka7 'a one-piece dugout canoe with or without outriggers Tausug bangka7-un 'to ride in a canoe, travel by canoe' Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *bangkaq 'boat' CMP Nuaulu haka 'canoe' Larike haka 'canoe' POC *pakaq 'non-native canoe' OC Roviana vaka 'a vessel, used distinctively of non-native craft' Roviana tie vaka 'a white man' Nggela vaka 'a foreign vessel, European ship' 'Are'are haka 'strange, foreign; ship' Sa'a haka 'a ship; white people, foreign' Arosi haka 'a foreign ship; foreign; a white man' Note: Also Bikol bangká ‘boat (small)’, Aklanon bangka(h) ‘small boat, ferry’, Proto-South Aru *boka ‘canoe’. Based solely on the Tagalog word given here and Fijian baka-nawa ‘canoe not hollowed out inside’, Dempwolff (1938) proposed Uraustronesisch *bangka(q) ‘canoe’. Using a slightly smaller comparison than the above, Pawley and Pawley (1998:179-180) proposed PAn *ba(ng)ka(q) ‘outrigger canoe, dugout canoe’, citing Kavalan bangka ‘canoe’ as Formosan evidence for its PAn status. However, Kavalan shows a number of both Spanish and Tagalog loanwords that almost certainly were acquired during the Spanish presence in the Ilan Basin from 1626-1642, when Spain had aspirations of establishing a colony in Taiwan from its headquarters in Manila, and this word shows phonological signs of being among those loans. Although *bangkaq appears to be clearly attributable to PMP, there are indications that some of its reflexes were borrowed even within the Philippines (as seen in the phonologically irregular Bikol and Aklanon forms), and similar suggestions of borrowing, as seen in the glosses for languages of the Solomon Islands. = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =