http://sealang.net/archives/pl/bib.pl?bib=pl&ref=PL-581&field=xContents Sneddon, J.N. Colloquial Jakartan Indonesian , (see catalogue in web pages for full description). PL-581, xii + 298 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 2006. Contents v Preface ix Abbreviations xi Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.0 Colloquial Jakartan Indonesian 1 1.1 The linguistic situation in Indonesia 2 1.2 The sociolinguistic nature of Indonesian 3 1.3 The informal variety used by educated Jakartans 4 1.4 The continuum between formal and informal Indonesian 6 1.5 Attitudes towards different varieties of the language and implications for teaching 7 1.6 The nature of this work and the description of variation 8 1.7 The recordings and people involved in the study 10 Chapter 2: The description of Colloquial Jakartan Indonesian 13 2.0 Introduction 13 2.1 Schwa 17 2.2 Words with and without initial s 18 2.2.1 Variables with H and L forms: aja/saja and udah/sudah 18 2.2.2 ama and sama 19 2.2.3 ampe and sampe 20 2.3 Prefixes meN-, N-, nge-, Ø 20 2.4 Prefix ber- 24 2.5 Prefixes ter- and ke- 25 2.6 Suffix -an 27 2.6.1 Forming adjectives 27 2.6.2 Forming verbs 28 2.7 Suffix -in 30 2.8 Suffix -nya 34 2.8.1 -nya as a pronoun 34 2.8.2 -nya as a ligature 36 2.8.3 -nya as a marker of definiteness and as an emphasiser 37 2.8.4 -nya emphasising words other than nouns 39 2.8.5 -nya in topic-comment clauses 40 2.8.6 -nya as a nominaliser 40 2.8.7 frequent occurrence of -nya 41 2.8.8 -nya serving two functions concurrently 42 2.9 Active and passive voice 43 2.10 Prepositions 50 2.10.1 sama 50 2.10.2 ke and kepada 53 2.10.3 pake 53 2.11 Temporal markers 54 2.11.1 lagi and sedang 54 2.11.2 udah and sudah 55 2.11.3 bakal, bakalan and akan 55 2.12 Negatives 56 2.13 Pronouns 58 2.13.1 First person single 59 2.13.2 First person plural 62 2.13.3 Second person single 64 2.13.4 Second person plural 66 2.13.5 Third person pronouns 67 2.14 Possessive constructions 68 2.15 Demonstratives 70 2.16 yang 72 2.17 Topic-comment constructions 77 2.18 The copula adalah 78 2.19 Complementisers kalo and bahwa 79 2.20 Other functions of kalo 80 2.21 Words for 'just': aja, doang and saja 82 2.22 Words for 'only, just': cuma, cuman and hanya 83 2.23 Words for 'very': banget, amat, sekali and sangat 83 2.24 Indicators of plurality: para and pada 84 2.25 Words for 'or' and 'or not': apa and atau 86 2.26 Words for 'later': entar and nanti 88 2.27 Words for 'so that': biar and supaya 89 2.28 Words for 'how?': gimana and bagaimana 90 2.29 Words for 'why?': kenapa and mengapa 92 2.30 Words for 'when': pas, waktu and ketika 92 2.31 ngapain and related words 94 2.32 Words for 'perhaps, possibly': kali and barangkali 96 2.33 Words for 'indeed': emang and memang 96 2.34 Words for 'to like': doyan, demen and suka 97 2.35 Words for 'like, resembling': kayak and seperti 98 2.36 Words for 'want, desire': pengen and ingin 100 2.37 Words for 'give': kasi(h) and beri(kan) 100 2.38 Words for 'say': bilang and katakan 101 2.39 Words for 'talk, speak; say': ngomong and bicara 102 2.40 Words for 'big': gede and besar 104 2.41 'Slang' words: cowok, cewek and bokap, nyokap 105 2.41.1 cowok and cewek 105 2.41.2 cokap and nyokap 106 Chapter 3: Pragmatic aspects of colloquial discourse 108 3.0 Introduction 108 3.1 The context-bound nature of CJI 108 3.1.1 Ellipsis 109 3.1.2 The functions of sama 112 3.1.3 Shared knowledge 113 3.1.4 The use of quotations 116 3.1.5 Use of the listener's name 117 3.2 Discourse particles 117 3.2.1 deh 118 3.2.2 dong 118 3.2.3 kan 119 3.2.4 kek 122 3.2.5 kok as a questioning particle 122 3.2.6 kok as an emphasising particle 123 3.2.7 loh 123 3.2.8 mah 124 3.2.9 masa 125 3.2.10 nah 125 3.2.11 nih and tuh 126 3.2.12 sih 126 3.2.13 ya ~ yah 128 3.2.14 yuk 130 3.2.15 Combinations of particles 130 3.3 Other pragmatic characteristics of CJI speech 131 3.3.1 tau nggak? and ngerti nggak? 131 3.3.2 gitu, gini and derivatives 132 3.3.3 kayaknya 136 3.3.4 trus and lalu 137 Chapter 4: Texts and translations 139 4.0 Introduction 139 4.1 Conversation [03] 142 4.2 Interview [12] 165 4.3 Interview [13] 179 4.4 Interview [17] 198 4.5 Interview [19] 217 4.6 Conversation [24] 236 Appendix A: Recordings and speakers in the study 264 Appendix B: Statistics: relative frequencies of H and L forms 267 References 284